Tominc Sara, Ducman Vilma, Wisniewski Wolfgang, Luukkonen Tero, Kirkelund Gunvor M, Ottosen Lisbeth M
Laboratory for Cements, Mortars and Ceramics, The Department of Materials, Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute (ZAG), Dimičeva ulica 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
Faculty of Technology, Fibre and Particle Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Oct 29;16(21):6948. doi: 10.3390/ma16216948.
This review provides an overview of methods to extract valuable resources from the ash fractions of sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, and wood biomass combustion. The resources addressed here include critical raw materials, such as phosphorus, base and precious metals, and rare earth elements for which it is increasingly important to tap into secondary sources in addition to the mining of primary raw materials. The extraction technologies prioritized in this review are based on recycled acids or excess renewable energy to achieve an optimum environmental profile for the extracted resources and provide benefits in the form of local industrial symbioses. The extraction methods cover all scarce and valuable chemical elements contained in the ashes above certain concentration limits. Another important part of this review is defining potential applications for the mineral residues remaining after extraction. Therefore, the aim of this review is to combine the knowledge of resource extraction technology from ashes with possible applications of mineral residues in construction and related sectors to fully close material cycle loops.
本综述概述了从污水污泥、城市固体废物和木质生物质燃烧产生的灰分中提取有价值资源的方法。这里涉及的资源包括关键原材料，如磷、碱金属和贵金属以及稀土元素，除了开采原生原材料外，开发二次资源对于这些元素来说变得越来越重要。本综述中优先考虑的提取技术基于回收酸或多余的可再生能源，以实现所提取资源的最佳环境概况，并以地方产业共生的形式带来益处。提取方法涵盖了灰烬中浓度超过一定限度的所有稀缺且有价值的化学元素。本综述的另一个重要部分是确定提取后剩余矿物残渣的潜在应用。因此，本综述的目的是将从灰烬中提取资源的技术知识与矿物残渣在建筑及相关领域的可能应用相结合，以完全闭合物质循环回路。
