Ureaplasma urealyticum in the immunocompromised host.

The lack of antibody in hypogammaglobulinemic patients probably results in failure of mycoplasmas to be "neutralized" and accounts for the diminished ability of the patients to cope with these organisms escaping hematogenously from the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Furthermore Ureaplasma urealyticum and other mycoplasmas are ingested by neutrophils in the absence of opsonins, indicated by the fact that they are able to trigger the release of chemiluminescence from these cells; ureaplasmas are not killed during this process and it is possible that carriage occurs within phagocytes to various sites. Several mycoplasmal species have localized in joints and U. urealyticum organisms are no exception. They have been isolated from the purulent synovial fluids of at least three hypogammaglobulinemic patients in Canada, England and the United States, respectively, the arthritides responding to appropriate antibiotic therapy. In one male patient, however, repeated and prolonged episodes of arthritis over several years, associated with antibiotic-resistant ureaplasmas, responded only to the administration of specific hyperimmune serum. Apart from joint involvement subcutaneous abscesses have been seen, and in the latter patient persistent urethritis was caused by ureaplasmas, these being the only organisms recovered from the urethra. Chronic urethrocystitis/cystitis in hypogammaglobulinemic patients has been associated also with ureaplasmal infection. In addition polyarthritis with recovery of both ureaplasmas and Mycoplasma hominis from the joints has been seen in a kidney allograft patient on an immunosuppressive regimen. However, further evidence that ureaplasmas cause a problem in immunosuppressed patients or in those with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is lacking.