Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, LA, USA.
Curr Opin Immunol. 2023 Dec;85:102398. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102398. Epub 2023 Nov 16.
Enterotoxin adjuvants have been researched for their ability to promote immunity to co-delivered antigens. Outside of cholera vaccines, however, these proteins have yet to be included in any currently licensed vaccines. They include molecules derived from the bacterial toxins of Vibrio cholerae, cholera toxin, or Escherichia coli, heat-labile toxin, such as detoxified mutants or subunits. This class of adjuvants is distinguished by their delivery possibilities, which include parenteral injection, skin applications, or direct mucosal administration by oral, sublingual, or nasal routes. In addition, inclusion of an enterotoxin adjuvant is associated with development of multifaceted cellular and humoral immune responses to vaccination. Here, we review exciting progress in the past few years in clinical trials for safety and efficacy, preclinical vaccines studies, and new mechanistic insights for enterotoxin adjuvants. This includes recent reports of their use in vaccines targeting microbial infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) or substance abuse drugs.
肠毒素佐剂因其能够促进共递呈抗原的免疫能力而受到研究。然而，除了霍乱疫苗之外，这些蛋白质尚未被包含在任何现有的许可疫苗中。它们包括源自霍乱弧菌、霍乱毒素或大肠杆菌的细菌毒素的分子、不耐热毒素，如解毒突变体或亚单位。这类佐剂的特点是它们的递呈可能性，包括肠胃外注射、皮肤应用或通过口服、舌下或鼻内途径直接粘膜给药。此外，肠毒素佐剂的包含与接种疫苗后多方面的细胞和体液免疫反应的发展有关。在这里，我们回顾了过去几年在临床安全性和功效试验、临床前疫苗研究以及肠毒素佐剂新的机制见解方面的令人兴奋的进展。这包括最近关于它们在针对微生物感染（细菌、病毒、寄生虫）或药物滥用药物的疫苗中的使用的报告。
