Kovac Helmut, Käfer Helmut, Petrocelli Iacopo, Amstrup Astrid B, Stabentheiner Anton
Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
Insects. 2023 Oct 31;14(11):849. doi: 10.3390/insects14110849.
Gynes of paper wasps ( sp.) spend the cold season in sheltered hibernacles. These hibernacles protect against predators and adverse weather conditions but offer only limited protection against low temperatures. During overwintering diapause, wasps live on the energy they store. We investigated the hibernacles' microclimate conditions of species from the Mediterranean (Italy, , ) and temperate (Austria, ) climates in order to describe the environmental conditions and calculate the energetic demand of overwintering according to standard metabolic rate functions. The temperatures at the hibernacles differed significantly between the Mediterranean and temperate habitats (average in Austria: 3.2 ± 5.71 °C, in Italy: 8.5 ± 5.29 °C). In both habitats, the hibernacle temperatures showed variance, but the mean hibernacle temperature corresponded closely to the meteorological climate data. Cumulative mass-specific energetic costs over the studied period were the lowest for the temperate population compared with both Mediterranean species. The lower costs of the temperate species were a result of the lower hibernacle temperature and acclimation to lower environmental temperatures. Model calculations with an increased mean temperature of up to 3 °C due to climate change indicate a dramatic increase of up to 40% in additional costs.
胡蜂属（sp.）的雌性胡蜂在隐蔽的冬眠场所度过寒冷季节。这些冬眠场所可抵御捕食者和恶劣天气条件，但对低温的保护作用有限。在越冬滞育期间，胡蜂依靠储存的能量生存。我们调查了来自地中海地区（意大利等）和温带地区（奥地利等）气候的胡蜂物种的冬眠场所微气候条件，以便描述环境条件，并根据标准代谢率函数计算越冬的能量需求。地中海和温带栖息地的冬眠场所温度存在显著差异（奥地利平均温度：3.2 ± 5.71 °C，意大利：8.5 ± 5.29 °C）。在这两个栖息地，冬眠场所温度都存在变化，但冬眠场所的平均温度与气象气候数据密切相关。与两种地中海物种相比，温带种群在研究期间的累积单位质量能量成本最低。温带物种成本较低是冬眠场所温度较低以及适应较低环境温度的结果。因气候变化导致平均温度升高高达3 °C的模型计算表明，额外成本将急剧增加高达40%。
