LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
LAQV/REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal.
Molecules. 2023 Nov 11;28(22):7538. doi: 10.3390/molecules28227538.
With the increase in the world population, the overexploitation of the planet's natural resources is becoming a worldwide concern. Changes in the way humankind thinks about production and consumption must be undertaken to protect our planet and our way of living. For this change to occur, sustainable development together with a circular economic approach and responsible consumption are key points. Agriculture activities are responsible for more than 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions; moreover, by 2050, it is expected that food production will increase by 60%. The valorization of food waste is therefore of high importance to decrease the environmental footprint of agricultural activities. Fruits and vegetables are wildly consumed worldwide, and grapes are one of the main producers of greenhouse gases. Grape biomass is rich in bioactive compounds that can be used for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and their extraction from this food residue has been the target of several studies. Among the extraction techniques used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food waste, subcritical water extraction (SWE) has been the least explored. SWE has several advantages over other extraction techniques such as microwave and ultrasound extraction, allowing high yields with the use of only water as the solvent. Therefore, it can be considered a green extraction method following two of the principles of green chemistry: the use of less hazardous synthesis (principle number 3) and the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries (principle number 5). In addition, two of the green extraction principles for natural products are also followed: the use of alternative solvents or water (principle number 2) and the use of a reduced, robust, controlled and safe unit operation (principle number 5). This review is an overview of the extraction process using the SWE of grape biomass in a perspective of the circular economy through valorization of the bioactive compounds extracted. Future perspectives applied to the SWE are also discussed, as well as its ability to be a green extraction technique.
随着世界人口的增加，地球自然资源的过度开发正成为全球关注的问题。为了保护我们的星球和我们的生活方式，人类必须改变生产和消费方式。为了实现这一转变，可持续发展、循环经济方法和负责任的消费是关键。农业活动占温室气体排放的 10%以上；此外，预计到 2050 年，粮食产量将增加 60%。因此，提高食品废物的利用价值对于减少农业活动的环境足迹非常重要。水果和蔬菜在全球范围内广泛消费，而葡萄是温室气体的主要产生者之一。葡萄生物量富含可用于食品、制药和化妆品行业的生物活性化合物，从这种食品残渣中提取这些化合物一直是许多研究的目标。在用于从食品废物中回收生物活性化合物的提取技术中，亚临界水提取（SWE）是研究最少的。SWE 相对于微波和超声提取等其他提取技术具有多项优势，仅使用水作为溶剂即可实现高收率。因此，它可以被认为是一种绿色提取方法，遵循绿色化学的两个原则：使用较少危害的合成（原则 3）和使用更安全的溶剂和助剂（原则 5）。此外，天然产物的两个绿色提取原则也得到了遵循：使用替代溶剂或水（原则 2）和使用减少、稳健、控制和安全的单元操作（原则 5）。本文综述了从葡萄生物量中通过提取的生物活性化合物的增值来实现循环经济视角下的 SWE 提取过程。还讨论了未来在 SWE 方面的应用，以及它作为一种绿色提取技术的能力。
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