Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
Viruses. 2023 Nov 18;15(11):2273. doi: 10.3390/v15112273.
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log 50% embryo infective dose (EID) in chickens and 2.2 log EID in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log EID, respectively); however, the BID for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log EID, respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6-8.2 days for turkeys and 1-4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.
高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV）亚型 H5 的 Gs/GD/96 谱系由于在野生鸟类中流行，仍然是家禽的主要威胁。来自该谱系的 H5N1 HPAIV 于 2021 年在美国被检测到，此后感染了许多野生和家养鸟类。我们评估了一种早期美国 H5N1 HPAIV（分支 2.3.4.4b，2021 年）以及美国和欧洲之前爆发的两种 H5N8 HPAIV（分支 2.3.4.4c，2014 年；分支 2.3.4.4b，2016 年）在鸡和火鸡中的发病机制。我们发现鸡和火鸡之间的临床症状、平均死亡时间（MDT）和病毒传染性存在差异。2021 年 H5N1 病毒在鸡中的平均禽感染剂量（BID）约为 2.6 对数 50%胚胎感染剂量（EID），在火鸡中的 BID 为 2.2 对数 EID，病毒可传播给接触暴露的火鸡，但不能传播给鸡。2016 年 H5N8 病毒的 BID 在鸡和火鸡中也略有不同（分别为 4.2 和 4.7 对数 EID）；然而，2014 年 H5N8 病毒的 BID 对于鸡来说高于火鸡（分别为 3.9 和~0.9 对数 EID）。所有病毒中，火鸡死亡时间更长（火鸡的 MDT 为 2.6-8.2 天，鸡为 1-4 天），这增加了病毒脱落期，并有利于向接触者传播。
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