Cystatin F () drives sex-dependent changes in microglia in an amyloid-driven model of Alzheimer's disease.

Microglial endolysosomal (dys)function is strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disease. Transcriptomic studies show that a microglial state characterised by a set of genes involved in endolysosomal function is induced in both mouse Alzheimer's disease (AD) models and human AD brain, and that the emergence of this state is emphasised in females. (encoding cystatin F) is among the most highly upregulated genes in these microglia. However, despite such striking and robust upregulation, the function of in neurodegenerative disease is not understood. Here, we crossed mice with the mouse to test the role of in a model of amyloid-driven AD. Surprisingly, we found that plays a sexually dimorphic role regulating microglia in this model. In females, microglia had greater endolysosomal gene expression, lysosomal burden, and amyloid beta (Aβ) burden and were more phagocytic . However, in males, microglia were less inflammatory and had a reduction in lysosomal burden but had no change in Aβ burden. Overall, our study reveals functional roles for one of the most commonly upregulated genes in microglia across disease models, and the sex-specific profiles of -altered microglial disease phenotypes. More broadly, the findings raise important implications for AD including crucial questions on sexual dimorphism in neurodegenerative disease and the interplay between endolysosomal and inflammatory pathways in AD pathology.