Hanley Marissa L, Vukicevich Eric, Rice Alexandrea M, Richardson Justin B
Department of Geoscience, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Jan;31(4):5526-5539. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-31290-1. Epub 2023 Dec 21.
Foraging for edible and medicinal mushrooms is a cultural and social practice both globally and in the United States. Determining the toxic and nutrient element concentrations of edible and medicinal mushrooms is needed to ensure the safe consumption of this food source. Our research examined wild, foraged mushrooms in New England, USA to assess nutrient (Ca, K, Mg, P) and toxic (As, Hg, Pb, Cd) element relationships between mushrooms, substrates, and soils. We examined a gradient in nutrient and toxic elements from more rural Mountain and Hill Zones in Massachusetts, Vermont, and New Hampshire to more developed and urban Valley and Coastal Zones in Connecticut. Substrates and mineral soils were moderate to weak predictors of mushroom tissue concentrations. We found significant differences in nutrient and toxic element concentration among the five common genera: Ganoderma, Megacollybia, Pluteus, Pleurotus, and Russula. In particular, Pluteus had consistently higher toxic element concentrations while Pleurotus and Russula had the highest Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs). We found that the urban areas of the Valley and Coastal zones of Connecticut had Cd Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) values and ΣTHQ values > 1.0, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health hazard. However, the trend was largely driven by the > 2.0 Cd THQ for Pluteus. Our results suggest that foraging in more urban areas can still yield mushrooms with safe concentrations of toxic elements and abundant nutrients. Further research of this kind needs to be conducted within this region and globally to ensure humans are consuming safe, foraged mushrooms.
在全球和美国，寻找可食用和药用蘑菇都是一种文化和社会实践。为确保安全食用这种食物来源，需要确定可食用和药用蘑菇中的有毒和营养元素浓度。我们的研究对美国新英格兰地区野生采集的蘑菇进行了检测，以评估蘑菇、基质和土壤之间的营养元素（钙、钾、镁、磷）和有毒元素（砷、汞、铅、镉）的关系。我们研究了从马萨诸塞州、佛蒙特州和新罕布什尔州较为乡村的山区和丘陵地带到康涅狄格州更发达的城市山谷和沿海地带的营养和有毒元素梯度。基质和矿质土壤对蘑菇组织浓度的预测能力中等至较弱。我们发现五个常见属（灵芝属、大孔菌属、鬼伞属、侧耳属和红菇属）之间的营养和有毒元素浓度存在显著差异。特别是，鬼伞属的有毒元素浓度一直较高，而侧耳属和红菇属的生物累积因子（BAF）最高。我们发现，康涅狄格州山谷和沿海地区的城市区域镉的目标危害商（THQ）值和总THQ值>1.0，表明存在潜在的非致癌健康危害。然而，这种趋势在很大程度上是由鬼伞属镉的THQ>2.0驱动的。我们的结果表明，在城市地区采集仍然可以获得有毒元素浓度安全且营养丰富的蘑菇。需要在该地区和全球范围内进行此类进一步研究，以确保人类食用安全的野生蘑菇。
