Kvasnicka Jacob, Cohen Hubal Elaine A, Diamond Miriam L
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1, Canada.
Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, 27711, USA.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2024 Mar;34(2):376-385. doi: 10.1038/s41370-023-00621-2. Epub 2023 Dec 21.
Evidence suggests that clothing can influence human exposure to semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) through transdermal uptake and inhalation.
The objectives of this study were [1] to investigate the potential for clothing to function as a transport vector and secondary source of gas-phase SVOCs across indoor microenvironments, [2] to elucidate how clothing storage, wear, and laundering can influence the dynamics of transdermal uptake, and [3] to assess the potential for multiple human occupants to influence the multimedia dynamics of SVOCs indoors.
A computational modeling framework (ABICAM) was expanded, applied, and evaluated by simulating and augmenting two "real-world" chamber experiments. A primary strength of this framework was its representation of occupants and their clothing as unique entities with the potential for location changes.
Estimates of transdermal uptake of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) were generally consistent with those extrapolated from measured concentrations of urinary metabolites, and those predicted by two other mechanistic models. ABICAM predicted that clean clothing (long sleeves, long pants, and socks, 100% cotton, 1 mm thick) readily accumulated DEP (6900-9700 μg) and DnBP (4500-4800 μg) from the surrounding chamber air over 6 h of exposure to average concentrations of 233 (DEP) and 114 (DnBP) μg·m. Because of their high capacity, clean clothing also effectively minimized transdermal uptake. In addition, ABICAM predicted that contaminated clothing functioned as a vector for transporting DEP and DnBP across indoor microenvironments and reemitted 13-80% (DEP) and 3-27% (DnBP) of the accumulated masses over 48 h.
Though the estimated secondary inhalation exposures from contaminated clothing were low compared to the corresponding primary exposures, these secondary exposures could be accentuated in other contexts, for example, involving longer timeframes of clothing storage, multiple occupants wearing contaminated clothing, and/or repeated instances of clothing-mediated transport of contaminants (e.g., from an occupational setting).
This modeling study reaffirms the effectiveness of clean clothing in reducing transdermal uptake of airborne SVOCs and conversely, that contaminated clothing could be a source of SVOC exposure via transdermal uptake and by acting as a vector for transporting those contaminants to other locations.
有证据表明，衣物可通过经皮吸收和吸入影响人体对半挥发性有机化合物（SVOCs）的暴露。
本研究的目的是[1]调查衣物作为气相SVOCs在室内微环境中的传输载体和二次源的可能性，[2]阐明衣物储存、穿着和洗涤如何影响经皮吸收的动态过程，以及[3]评估多名居住者对室内SVOCs多介质动态的潜在影响。
通过模拟和扩充两个“真实世界”的舱室实验，对一个计算建模框架（ABICAM）进行了扩展、应用和评估。该框架的一个主要优势在于，它将居住者及其衣物表示为具有位置变化可能性的独特实体。
邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）和邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）的经皮吸收估计值通常与从尿代谢物测量浓度外推得到的值以及另外两个机理模型预测的值一致。ABICAM预测，干净衣物（长袖、长裤和袜子，100%棉，1毫米厚）在暴露于平均浓度为233（DEP）和114（DnBP）μg·m的环境6小时后，会从周围舱室空气中迅速累积DEP（6900 - 9700μg）和DnBP（4500 - 4800μg）。由于其高容量，干净衣物也有效地减少了经皮吸收。此外，ABICAM预测，受污染的衣物作为载体，可在室内微环境中传输DEP和DnBP，并在48小时内将累积量的13 - 80%（DEP）和3 - 27%（DnBP）重新释放。
尽管与相应的主要暴露相比，受污染衣物估计的二次吸入暴露较低，但在其他情况下，例如涉及更长时间的衣物储存、多名穿着受污染衣物的居住者以及/或衣物介导的污染物运输的重复情况（如在职业环境中），这些二次暴露可能会加剧。
本建模研究再次证实了干净衣物在减少空气中SVOCs经皮吸收方面的有效性，相反，受污染的衣物可能是SVOCs经皮吸收的暴露源，并作为将这些污染物运输到其他地点的载体。
