Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA.
Indoor Air. 2018 Mar;28(2):247-257. doi: 10.1111/ina.12437. Epub 2017 Nov 15.
This study aims to elucidate in greater detail the dermal uptake of nicotine from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes, which was demonstrated recently in a preliminary study. Six non-smoking participants were exposed to gaseous nicotine (between 236 and 304 μg/m ) over 5 hours while breathing clean air through a hood. Four of the participants wore only shorts and 2 wore a set of clean clothes. One week later, 2 of the bare-skinned participants were again exposed in the chamber, but they showered immediately after exposure instead of the following morning. The 2 participants who wore clean clothes on week 1 were now exposed wearing a set of clothes that had been exposed to nicotine. All urine was collected for 84 hours after exposure and analyzed for nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. All participants except those wearing fresh clothes excreted substantial amounts of biomarkers, comparable to levels expected from inhalation intake. Uptake for 1 participant wearing exposed clothes exceeded estimated intake via inhalation by >50%. Biomarker excretion continued during the entire urine collection period, indicating that nicotine accumulates in the skin and is released over several days. Absorbed nicotine was significantly lower after showering in 1 subject but not the other. Differences in the normalized uptakes and in the excretion patterns were observed among the participants. The observed cotinine half-lives suggest that non-smokers exposed to airborne nicotine may receive a substantial fraction through the dermal pathway. Washing skin and clothes exposed to nicotine may meaningfully decrease exposure.
本研究旨在更详细地阐明皮肤从空气中或暴露于尼古丁的衣物中吸收尼古丁的情况，这在最近的一项初步研究中已经得到证实。六名不吸烟的参与者在通过通风帽呼吸清洁空气的情况下，在 5 小时内暴露于 236 至 304μg/m 之间的气态尼古丁中。其中 4 名参与者仅穿着短裤，2 名穿着一套干净的衣服。一周后，2 名裸露皮肤的参与者再次在室内暴露，但他们在暴露后立即洗澡，而不是第二天早上。在第 1 周穿着干净衣服的 2 名参与者现在穿着暴露于尼古丁的一套衣服进行暴露。所有尿液在暴露后 84 小时内收集并分析尼古丁及其代谢物可替宁和 3OH-可替宁。除了穿着新衣服的参与者外，所有参与者都排泄了大量的生物标志物，与通过吸入摄入的水平相当。穿着暴露衣服的 1 名参与者的吸收量超过了通过吸入估计的摄入量的 50%以上。在 1 名受试者中，在洗澡后，生物标志物的排泄持续了整个尿液收集期，表明尼古丁在皮肤中积累并在数天内释放。在 1 名受试者中，吸收的尼古丁明显降低，但在另一名受试者中则没有。在参与者之间观察到归一化吸收率和排泄模式的差异。观察到的可替宁半衰期表明，暴露于空气中的尼古丁的非吸烟者可能通过皮肤途径吸收相当大的一部分。洗涤暴露于尼古丁的皮肤和衣服可能会显著降低暴露量。
