Polyvinyl Alcohol/Nafion-Zirconia Phosphate Nanocomposite Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications: Synthesis and Characterisation.

PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)-ZrP (PVA/ZrP) and Nafion/PVA-ZrP nanocomposite membranes were synthesised using the recasting method with glutaraldehyde (GA) as a crosslinking agent. The resulting nanocomposite membranes were characterised using a variety of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of SEM revealed well-distributed zirconia phosphate (ZrP) within the membrane matrix, and the SEM images showed a uniform and dense membrane structure. Because ZrP nanoparticles are hydrophilic, the Nafion/PVA-ZrP nanocomposite membrane had a higher water uptake of 53% at 80 °C and higher 0.19 S/cm proton conductivity at room temperature than the commercial Nafion 117 membrane, which had only 34% and 0.113 S/cm, respectively. In comparison to commercial Nafion 117 membranes, PVA-ZrP and Nafion/PVA-ZrP nanocomposite membranes had a higher thermal stability and mechanical strength and lower methanol crossover due to the hydrophilic effect of PVA crosslinked with GA, which can make strong hydrogen bonds and cause an intense intramolecular interaction.