Mahmood Faisal, Xu Ruixian, Awan Maher Un Nisa, Song Yuzhu, Han Qinqin, Xia Xueshan, Wei Jia, Xu Jun, Peng Juan, Zhang Jinyang
Molecular Medicine Research Centre of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
Central Laboratory, Liver Disease Research Center and Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650021, China.
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Dec 18;11(12):1862. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11121862.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that is closely related to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of acute and chronic HBV infection, liver cirrhosis, and HCC has significantly decreased as a result of the introduction of universal HBV vaccination programs. The first hepatitis B vaccine approved was developed by purifying the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) from the plasma of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers. Subsequently, recombinant DNA technology led to the development of the recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Although there are already several licensed vaccines available for HBV infection, continuous research is essential to develop even more effective vaccines. Prophylactic hepatitis B vaccination has been important in the prevention of hepatitis B because it has effectively produced protective immunity against hepatitis B viral infection. Prophylactic vaccines only need to provoke neutralizing antibodies directed against the HBV envelop proteins, whereas therapeutic vaccines are most likely needed to induce a comprehensive T cell response and thus, should include other HBV antigens, such as HBV core and polymerase. The existing vaccines have proven to be highly effective in preventing HBV infection, but ongoing research aims to improve their efficacy, duration of protection, and accessibility. The routine administration of the HBV vaccine is safe and well-tolerated worldwide. The purpose of this type of immunization is to trigger an immunological response in the host, which will halt HBV replication. The clinical efficacy and safety of the HBV vaccine are affected by a number of immunological and clinical factors. However, this success is now in jeopardy due to the breakthrough infections caused by HBV variants with mutations in the S gene, high viral loads, and virus-induced immunosuppression. In this review, we describe various types of available HBV vaccines, along with the recent progress in the ongoing battle to develop new vaccines against HBV.
乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染是一个全球性的公共卫生问题，与肝硬化和肝细胞癌（HCC）密切相关。由于实施了普遍的HBV疫苗接种计划，急性和慢性HBV感染、肝硬化及HCC的患病率已显著下降。首个获批的乙型肝炎疫苗是通过从无症状HBsAg携带者的血浆中纯化乙型肝炎表面抗原（HBsAg）而研制的。随后，重组DNA技术促成了重组乙型肝炎疫苗的研发。尽管已有几种获得许可的HBV感染疫苗，但持续开展研究对于开发更有效的疫苗至关重要。预防性乙型肝炎疫苗接种在预防乙型肝炎方面一直很重要，因为它有效地产生了针对乙型肝炎病毒感染的保护性免疫。预防性疫苗只需激发针对HBV包膜蛋白的中和抗体，而治疗性疫苗很可能需要诱导全面的T细胞反应，因此应包含其他HBV抗原，如HBV核心抗原和聚合酶。现有疫苗已证明在预防HBV感染方面非常有效，但正在进行研究旨在提高其疗效、保护持续时间和可及性。HBV疫苗的常规接种在全球范围内是安全且耐受性良好的。这种免疫接种的目的是在宿主中引发免疫反应，从而阻止HBV复制。HBV疫苗的临床疗效和安全性受多种免疫和临床因素影响。然而，由于S基因发生突变的HBV变异体、高病毒载量及病毒诱导的免疫抑制导致的突破性感染，这一成功如今正受到威胁。在本综述中，我们描述了各种可用的HBV疫苗，以及在开发新型抗HBV疫苗的持续斗争中的最新进展。
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