Alhazmi Areej I, Alghamdi Abduljawad Hassan A, Alzahrani Khalid Abdulaziz M, Alzahrani Rizq Allah Abdullah B, Al Ghamdı Ibrahim Abdulaziz I, Alzahrani Mohammed Khamis B
Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al Baha, SAU.
Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Baha University, Al Baha, SAU.
Cureus. 2023 Nov 26;15(11):e49439. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49439. eCollection 2023 Nov.
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) represent a growing health concern globally, with hypertension and diabetes commonly identified as primary etiological factors. This study evaluates the demographic and health profiles of individuals undergoing dialysis treatment in the Al-Baha region of Saudi Arabia, aiming to identify the predominant causes of ESRD and the associated socioeconomic and healthcare-related factors. Methodology This cross-sectional study analyzed data from patients receiving dialysis in Al-Baha. We assessed variables including etiology of ESRD, demographic data, presence of comorbid conditions, initial symptoms, and pre-dialysis health care engagement. Statistical analysis focused on the prevalence and correlations between the different variables and ESRD. The study also examined patients' educational background and employment status to ascertain ESRD's socioeconomic impact. Results The study found hypertension and diabetes as the leading causes of ESRD. Unknown etiologies accounted for 10.1% of cases, highlighting an area for further research. Notably, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cardiogenic shock emerged as potential new contributors, each representing 1.7% of cases. Most patients resided in urban areas, with the largest age group being 46 to 55 years. Men had a higher prevalence of ESRD than women. Low educational attainment was significant among patients, and unemployment due to ESRD was prevalent, pointing towards the need for vocational support. Clinical findings revealed late referrals to nephrologists, with a substantial proportion of diagnoses occurring in emergency settings. Family history suggested a higher-than-expected genetic component of CKD in the region. Conclusion The study confirms hypertension and diabetes as principal contributors to ESRD in Al-Baha while also pointing to the emergence of COVID-19 as a potential risk factor. Socioeconomic factors, including educational and employment status, are critical to patient management and outcomes. The high percentage of unknown etiologies and familial CKD prevalence warrants additional research. Improving early detection, enhancing patient education, and fostering timely nephrology consultations could mitigate the progression to ESRD and enhance patient quality of life.
引言 慢性肾脏病（CKD）及其进展至终末期肾病（ESRD）在全球范围内日益引起人们对健康的关注，高血压和糖尿病通常被确定为主要病因。本研究评估了沙特阿拉伯巴哈地区接受透析治疗的个体的人口统计学和健康状况，旨在确定ESRD的主要病因以及相关的社会经济和医疗保健相关因素。
方法 本横断面研究分析了巴哈地区接受透析治疗的患者的数据。我们评估了包括ESRD病因、人口统计学数据、合并症的存在、初始症状以及透析前医疗保健参与情况等变量。统计分析重点关注不同变量与ESRD之间的患病率和相关性。该研究还调查了患者的教育背景和就业状况，以确定ESRD的社会经济影响。
结果 该研究发现高血压和糖尿病是ESRD的主要病因。不明病因占病例的10.1%，突出了一个需要进一步研究的领域。值得注意的是，2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）和心源性休克成为潜在的新病因，各占病例的1.7%。大多数患者居住在城市地区，最大年龄组为46至55岁。男性ESRD的患病率高于女性。患者中低教育程度显著，因ESRD导致的失业很普遍，这表明需要职业支持。临床发现显示转诊至肾病专家的时间较晚，相当一部分诊断发生在急诊环境中。家族史表明该地区CKD的遗传成分高于预期。
结论 该研究证实高血压和糖尿病是巴哈地区ESRD的主要促成因素，同时也指出COVID-19是一个潜在的风险因素。社会经济因素，包括教育和就业状况，对患者管理和治疗结果至关重要。不明病因的高比例和家族性CKD患病率值得进一步研究。改善早期检测、加强患者教育以及促进及时的肾病咨询可以减轻ESRD的进展并提高患者生活质量。
