Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80202, United States.
CU Population Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80302, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2024 Jan 9;58(1):280-290. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07926. Epub 2023 Dec 28.
While human mobility plays a crucial role in determining ambient air pollution exposures and health risks, research to date has assessed risks on the basis of almost solely residential location. Here, we leveraged a database of ∼128-144 million workers in the United States and published ambient PM data between 2011 and 2018 to explore how incorporating information on both workplace and residential location changes our understanding of disparities in air pollution exposure. In general, we observed higher workplace exposures relative to home exposures, as well as increased exposures for nonwhite and less educated workers relative to the national average. Workplace exposure disparities were higher among racial and ethnic groups and job types than by income, education, age, and sex. Not considering workplace exposures can lead to systematic underestimations in disparities in exposure among these subpopulations. We also quantified the error in assigning workers home instead of a weighted home-and-work exposure. We observed that biases in associations between PM and health impacts by using home instead of home-and-work exposure were the highest among urban, younger populations.
虽然人类流动在决定环境空气污染暴露和健康风险方面起着至关重要的作用，但迄今为止的研究都是基于几乎仅住宅位置来评估风险。在这里，我们利用了美国约 1.28 亿至 1.44 亿工人的数据库和 2011 年至 2018 年公布的环境 PM 数据，探讨了如何将工作场所和住宅位置的信息纳入其中，从而改变我们对空气污染暴露差异的理解。总的来说，我们观察到工作场所的暴露相对于家庭暴露更高，而且非白人和受教育程度较低的工人的暴露相对于全国平均水平更高。工作场所的暴露差异在种族和族裔群体以及职业类型中比收入、教育、年龄和性别更高。不考虑工作场所的暴露会导致在这些亚群中暴露差异的系统低估。我们还量化了将工人分配到家庭而不是加权家庭和工作场所暴露的错误。我们观察到，在使用家庭而不是家庭和工作场所暴露来分配 PM 与健康影响之间的关联时，存在偏见，其中在城市和年轻人群中最高。
