Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico.
Laboratorio F-315, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
Subcell Biochem. 2023;106:213-226. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_8.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with infection of different tissues, such as the cervix, anus, vagina, penis, vulva, oropharynx, throat, tonsils, back of the tongue, skin, the lungs, among other tissues. HPV infection may or may not be associated with the development of cancer, where HPVs not related to cancer are defined as low-risk HPVs and are associated with papillomatosis disease. In contrast, high-risk HPVs (HR-HPVs) are associated with developing cancers in areas that HR-HPV infects, such as the cervix. In general, infection of HPV target cells is regulated by specific molecules and receptors that induce various conformational changes of HPV capsid proteins, allowing activation of HPV endocytosis mechanisms and the arrival of the HPV genome to the human cell nucleus. After the transcription of the HPV genome, the HPV genome duplicates exponentially to lodge in a new HPV capsid, inducing the process of exocytosis of HPV virions and thus releasing a new HPV viral particle with a high potential of infection. This infection process allows the HPV viral life cycle to conclude and enables the growth of HPV virions. Understanding the entire infection process has been a topic that researchers have studied and developed for decades; however, there are many things to still understand about HPV infection. A thorough understanding of these HPV infection processes will allow new potential treatments for HPV-associated cancer and papillomatosis. This chapter focuses on HPV infection, the process that will enable HPV to complete its HPV life cycle, emphasizing the critical role of different molecules in allowing this infection and its completion during the HPV viral life cycle.
人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）与不同组织的感染有关，例如宫颈、肛门、阴道、阴茎、外阴、口咽、喉咙、扁桃体、舌背、皮肤、肺等组织。HPV 感染可能与癌症的发展有关，其中与癌症无关的 HPV 被定义为低危型 HPV，与乳头状瘤病有关。相比之下，高危型 HPV（HR-HPV）与 HR-HPV 感染部位的癌症发展有关，例如宫颈。一般来说，HPV 靶细胞的感染受特定分子和受体的调节，这些分子和受体诱导 HPV 衣壳蛋白的各种构象变化，从而激活 HPV 内吞作用机制，并使 HPV 基因组到达人类细胞核。HPV 基因组转录后，HPV 基因组呈指数级复制以驻留在新的 HPV 衣壳中，诱导 HPV 病毒粒子的胞吐作用过程，从而释放具有高感染潜力的新的 HPV 病毒粒子。这个感染过程使 HPV 病毒生命周期结束，并使 HPV 病毒粒子生长。几十年来，研究人员一直在研究和开发整个感染过程；然而，仍有许多关于 HPV 感染的问题需要了解。深入了解这些 HPV 感染过程将为 HPV 相关癌症和乳头状瘤病提供新的潜在治疗方法。本章重点介绍 HPV 感染，即使 HPV 完成其 HPV 生命周期的过程，强调了不同分子在允许这种感染及其在 HPV 病毒生命周期中的完成过程中的关键作用。
