Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Lancet Planet Health. 2024 Jan;8(1):e18-e29. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00258-9.
Air pollution contributes to a large disease burden and some populations are disproportionately exposed. We aimed to evaluate ethnic and socioeconomic differences in exposure to air pollution in the Netherlands.
We did a nationwide, cross-sectional analysis of all residents of the Netherlands on Jan 1, 2019. Sociodemographic information was centralised by Statistics Netherlands and mainly originated from the National Population Register, the tax register, and education registers. Concentrations of NO, PM, PM, and elemental carbon, modelled by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, were linked to the individual-level demographic data. We assessed differences in air pollution exposures across the 40 largest minority ethnic groups. Evaluation of how ethnicity intersected with socioeconomic position in relation to exposures was done for the ten largest ethnic groups, plus Chinese and Indian groups, in both urban and rural areas using multivariable linear regression analyses.
The total study population consisted of 17 251 511 individuals. Minority ethnic groups were consistently exposed to higher levels of air pollution than the ethnic Dutch population. The magnitude of inequalities varied between the minority ethnic groups, with 3-44% higher exposures to NO and 1-9% higher exposures to PM compared with the ethnic Dutch group. Average exposures were highest for the lowest socioeconomic group. Ethnic inequalities in exposure remained after adjustment for socioeconomic position and were of similar magnitude in urban and rural areas.
The variability in air pollution exposure across ethnic and socioeconomic subgroups in the Netherlands indicates environmental injustice at the intersection of social characteristics. The health consequences of the observed inequalities and the underlying processes driving them warrant further investigation.
The Gravitation programme of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development, and Amsterdam University Medical Center.
空气污染导致了大量的疾病负担，一些人群面临不成比例的暴露风险。我们旨在评估荷兰的空气污染暴露在种族和社会经济方面的差异。
我们于 2019 年 1 月 1 日对荷兰的所有居民进行了一项全国性的横断面分析。社会人口统计学信息由荷兰统计局集中管理，主要来源于国家人口登记册、税务登记册和教育登记册。国家公共卫生与环境研究所建立的模型对 NO、PM、PM 和元素碳的浓度进行了建模，并将其与个体层面的人口统计数据联系起来。我们评估了 40 个人口最多的少数民族群体之间的空气污染暴露差异。对于十大族裔群体以及城市和农村地区的汉族和印度族群体，我们使用多变量线性回归分析评估了种族与社会经济地位的相互作用与暴露之间的关系。
总研究人群由 17251101 人组成。少数民族群体始终面临着比荷兰族裔更高水平的空气污染。种族不平等的程度在不同的少数民族群体之间有所不同，与荷兰族裔相比，NO 的暴露水平高出 3-44%，PM 的暴露水平高出 1-9%。社会经济地位最低的群体的平均暴露水平最高。在调整社会经济地位后，暴露方面的种族不平等仍然存在，且在城市和农村地区的程度相似。
荷兰种族和社会经济亚组之间的空气污染暴露差异表明了社会特征交叉处的环境不公正。观察到的不平等及其背后的驱动因素所带来的健康后果值得进一步研究。
荷兰教育部、文化和科学部、荷兰科学研究组织、荷兰健康研究与发展组织以及阿姆斯特丹大学医学中心的引力计划。
