Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Internal Mail No. Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024 Jul 26;21(8):976. doi: 10.3390/ijerph21080976.
Air pollution exposure has been linked to detrimental health outcomes. While cross-sectional studies have demonstrated socioeconomic disparities in air pollution exposure, longitudinal evidence on these disparities remains limited. The current study investigates trends in residential air pollution exposure across socioeconomic groups in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2019. Our dataset includes over 12.5 million individuals, aged 18 years and above, who resided in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2019, using Statistics Netherlands data. The address-level air pollution concentrations were estimated by dispersion models of the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment. We linked the exposure estimations of particulate matter < 10 or <2.5 μm (PM, PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO) to household-level socioeconomic data. In highly urbanized areas, individuals from both the lowest and highest socioeconomic groups were exposed to higher air pollution concentrations. Individuals from the lowest socioeconomic group were disproportionally located in highly urbanized and more polluted areas. The air pollution concentrations of PM, PM, and NO decreased between 2014 and 2019 for all the socioeconomic groups. The decrease in the annual average air pollution concentrations was the strongest for the lowest socioeconomic group, although differences in exposure between the socioeconomic groups remain. Further research is needed to define the health and equity implications.
空气污染暴露与不良健康结果有关。尽管横断面研究表明空气污染暴露存在社会经济差异，但这些差异的纵向证据仍然有限。本研究调查了 2014 年至 2019 年荷兰社会经济群体的住宅空气污染暴露趋势。我们的数据集包括 2014 年至 2019 年期间居住在荷兰的 1250 多万 18 岁及以上的个人，使用荷兰统计局的数据。国家公共卫生和环境研究所的扩散模型估算了大气污染物浓度。我们将细颗粒物 < 10 或 <2.5 μm（PM10 和 PM2.5）和二氧化氮（NO）的暴露估计值与家庭层面的社会经济数据联系起来。在高度城市化地区，来自社会经济最低和最高组别的个人都暴露在较高的空气污染浓度中。来自社会经济最低组别的个人不成比例地居住在高度城市化和污染更严重的地区。2014 年至 2019 年，所有社会经济群体的 PM10、PM2.5 和 NO 空气污染浓度都有所下降。尽管社会经济群体之间的暴露差异仍然存在，但最低社会经济群体的年平均空气污染浓度下降幅度最大。需要进一步研究来确定健康和公平影响。
