Mena Yolanda, Morales-Jerrett Eduardo, Soler-Montiel Marta, Pérez-Neira David, Mancilla-Leytón Juan Manuel
Departamento de Agronomía, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
Departamento de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Dec 27;14(1):104. doi: 10.3390/ani14010104.
The family-owned dairy goat sector in Andalusia presents great diversity. Taking into account the particularities of their economic strategies, which are focused on generating net value added and a stable long-term remuneration for family labor, this work aims to expand the scarce existing knowledge on the energetic and economic profiles of the different caprine management systems in a context of climate and energy crisis. For this purpose, twenty-one farms, representatives of the four typologies of the Andalusian dairy goat system, were monitored for one year: pastoral systems, grazing systems with high feed supply, indoor systems with associated crops, and indoor systems without associated crops. Technical-economic information was obtained that allowed the calculation of energy and economic indicators. In terms of socialized output, the differences found were due to the energy derived from milk sales, which was clearly lower in pastoral systems. The higher proportion of energy output obtained from manure with respect to edible products (milk and meat) highlights the importance of the former in energetic terms. High values for external inputs are found in the intensive group (111.22 GJ LSU), while the lowest results correspond to the pastoral group (36.96 GJ LSU). The main external input is the energy proceeding from purchased feed, which accounts for over 79% of the total external energy input in all four groups. The highest energy efficiency corresponds to the pastoral group, which is also the most efficient one in the use of non-renewable energy to produce milk and meat. Additionally, the level of eco-efficiency is higher in pastoral systems. Common Agricultural Policy funds contribute to increasing the remuneration of family work in pastoral systems, assimilating it to the rest of the systems. Therefore, intensification does not imply an absolute monetary advantage in all cases, while extensification can be remunerative for family-owned dairy farming.
安达卢西亚的家庭式奶山羊养殖部门具有很大的多样性。考虑到其经济策略的特殊性，即专注于创造净附加值以及为家庭劳动力提供稳定的长期报酬，这项工作旨在在气候和能源危机的背景下，扩充关于不同山羊养殖系统能量和经济概况的现有稀缺知识。为此，对安达卢西亚奶山羊系统四种类型的代表——21个农场进行了为期一年的监测：放牧系统、高饲料供应的放牧系统、与相关作物配套的室内系统以及无相关作物的室内系统。获取了技术经济信息，用于计算能量和经济指标。在社会化产出方面，发现的差异源于牛奶销售所产生的能量，在放牧系统中这一能量明显较低。相对于可食用产品（牛奶和肉类），从粪便中获得的能量产出比例较高，这凸显了前者在能量方面的重要性。集约化养殖组的外部投入值较高（111.22吉焦/牲畜单位），而最低值对应放牧组（36.96吉焦/牲畜单位）。主要的外部投入是购买饲料所产生的能量，在所有四个组中，其占总外部能量投入的比例超过79%。最高的能量效率对应放牧组，该组在使用不可再生能源生产牛奶和肉类方面也是最有效的。此外，放牧系统的生态效率水平更高。共同农业政策资金有助于提高放牧系统中家庭劳动的报酬，使其与其他系统相当。因此，集约化在所有情况下并不意味着绝对的货币优势，而粗放化对家庭式奶山羊养殖也可能是有利可图的。
