Popczyk Bartłomiej, Klich Daniel, Nasiadka Paweł, Nieszała Angelika, Gadkowski Krzysztof, Sobczuk Maria, Balcerak Marek, Kociuba Piotr, Olech Wanda, Purski Ludwik
Department of Genetics and Animal Conservation, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
GIGACO Ltd., Świeradowska 47, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland.
Animals (Basel). 2024 Jan 4;14(1):170. doi: 10.3390/ani14010170.
The movement of wild boars is a complex process influenced by both internal conditions and external factors. Despite their typically sedentary lifestyle, dispersion constitutes an integral element of the wild boar's behavior. This report documents the longest observed wild boar dispersal, involving a collared two-year-old male near Warsaw, Poland. The aim of this study was to present the characteristics of movement during the "nomadic phase", drawing comparisons with the "sedentary phase". The other aim was to evaluate the influence of meteorological factors on the minimum daily travel distance of the wild boar. We collected data from two-year-old males. The first exhibited long-distance dispersal and the second only demonstrated local movements. We calculated the minimum daily distance of both wild boars based on collar locations and calculated basic statistics of movement. We used a generalized linear model with a gamma distribution and log link function to assess the potential impact of weather conditions on the minimum daily distance of wild boars. We tested maximum daily temperature, average daily temperature, and the sum of daily precipitation. The wild boar during a "nomadic phase" covered a total of 922 km with a mean minimum daily movement of 6 km. The dispersion distance was 307 km. The highest value of the minimum daily distance reached 31.8 km/day. The second wild boar (near Warsaw) covered a mean minimum daily distance of 1.4 km; the highest value of the minimum daily distance was 3.9 km. Both wild boars exhibited no dependence of minimum daily distance on weather conditions. However, when intensive and non-intensive dispersion were analyzed separately, it was demonstrated that the maximum daily temperature positively influenced the minimum daily distance. We speculate that the wild boar was forced to search for water sources after dark on hot days, which induced a longer traveling distance in an unfamiliar environment. This study highlights the significant spatial capabilities of wild boar in the transmission of genes or pathogens. We speculate that extended daily distances during the initial "nomadic phase" might suggest a panicked escape from a perceived threat. It is plausible that the wild boar found improved shelter within tall cereal crops in July and August, which resulted in lower daily distances.
野猪的移动是一个受内部条件和外部因素共同影响的复杂过程。尽管它们通常过着定居的生活方式，但扩散却是野猪行为的一个不可或缺的组成部分。本报告记录了观察到的最长的野猪扩散情况，涉及波兰华沙附近一头佩戴项圈的两岁雄性野猪。本研究的目的是呈现“游牧阶段”的移动特征，并与“定居阶段”进行比较。另一个目的是评估气象因素对野猪每日最小移动距离的影响。我们收集了来自两岁雄性野猪的数据。第一头表现出长途扩散，第二头只进行了局部移动。我们根据项圈位置计算了两头野猪的每日最小距离，并计算了移动的基本统计数据。我们使用了具有伽马分布和对数链接函数的广义线性模型来评估天气条件对野猪每日最小距离的潜在影响。我们测试了最高日温度、平均日温度和日降水量总和。处于“游牧阶段”的野猪总共移动了922公里，平均每日最小移动距离为6公里。扩散距离为307公里。每日最小距离的最高值达到31.8公里/天。第二头野猪（华沙附近）的平均每日最小移动距离为1.4公里；每日最小距离的最高值为3.9公里。两头野猪的每日最小距离均未表现出对天气条件的依赖性。然而，当分别分析密集扩散和非密集扩散时，结果表明最高日温度对每日最小距离有正向影响。我们推测，在炎热的日子里，野猪被迫在天黑后寻找水源，这导致它们在陌生环境中移动的距离更长。本研究突出了野猪在基因或病原体传播方面显著的空间能力。我们推测，在最初的“游牧阶段”延长的每日移动距离可能表明它们因感知到威胁而惊慌逃窜。野猪在7月和8月可能在高大的谷类作物中找到了更好的庇护所，这导致了每日移动距离缩短，这似乎是合理的。
