Li K Y, Li K T, Yang C H, Hwang M H, Chang S W, Lin S M, Wu H J, Basilio E B, Vega R S A, Laude R P, Ju Y T
J Anim Sci. 2017 Apr;95(4):1451-1466. doi: 10.2527/jas.2016.1117.
The Formosan wild boar () is an endemic subspecies in Taiwan. Understanding the origins and spread of the Formosan wild boar could help clarify East Asian wild boar dispersion. Although in situ domestication of the wild boar occurred at a number of domestication centers across East Asia, corroborating archaeological and genetic evidence of pig domestication on Taiwan is lacking, leading to domestication being described as cryptic. This characterization applies to the Lanyu pig-a domestic pig breed found on Taiwan. To better understand pig domestication, this study examines the sympatric Formosan wild boar and domestic Lanyu pig to build a model of potential wild boar domestication on Taiwan and elucidate wild boar domestication patterns in the region. To this end, a comprehensive phylogenetic study of the Formosan wild boar and the Lanyu pig was conducted on animals sourced from Taiwan, Lanyu, and the Philippines. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using full mitochondrial control-region sequences from 345 wild boars and domestic pigs. These were studied in concert with existing reports on 206 Asian wild boars. Genetic characteristics and Bayesian phylogenetic tree results identified 2 wild boar lineages of remote phylogenetic relationship. These were Formosan wild boar lineage (FWBL) and Formosan wild boar with Lanyu sign lineage (FWBLYL). Molecular clock analyses indicate that FWBLYL diverged earlier than other insular East Asia wild boars and show that FWBLYL and FWBL diverged approximately 0.60 million years ago. This result supports boars of FWBLYL being the earliest wild boars to have spread and become isolated in insular East Asia. In addition, the study proposes 6 Asian wild boar dispersion routes during glacial periods. At least 3 of these events occurred in insular East Asia with subsequent geographical isolation after glacial recession. This isolation potentially led to allopatric differentiation of wild boar subspecies. Also, the similar genetic signature and phylogenetic uniqueness of Lanyu pigs to wild boars of FWBLYL suggests such wild boars were the wild ancestor of domestic Lanyu pigs. This result indicates potential in situ domestication occurring on Taiwan. Finally, pigs possessing FWBLYL's genetic signatures were continuously distributed among Taiwan, Lanyu, and the Philippines. This pattern may signify human-mediated pig dispersal routes.
台湾野猪（）是台湾特有的亚种。了解台湾野猪的起源和扩散有助于阐明东亚野猪的分布情况。虽然野猪在东亚多个驯化中心发生了就地驯化，但台湾地区猪驯化的考古和基因证据尚不确凿，导致其驯化过程被描述为隐匿的。这一特征适用于台湾发现的家猪品种——兰屿猪。为了更好地理解猪的驯化过程，本研究对同域分布的台湾野猪和家养兰屿猪进行了研究，以建立台湾潜在野猪驯化模型，并阐明该地区野猪的驯化模式。为此，对来自台湾、兰屿和菲律宾的动物进行了台湾野猪和兰屿猪的全面系统发育研究。利用345头野猪和家猪的完整线粒体控制区序列进行了系统发育分析。这些分析与关于206头亚洲野猪的现有报告一起进行研究。遗传特征和贝叶斯系统发育树结果确定了2个亲缘关系较远的野猪谱系。它们是台湾野猪谱系（FWBL）和具有兰屿特征的台湾野猪谱系（FWBLYL）。分子钟分析表明，FWBLYL比其他东亚岛屿野猪分化更早，显示FWBLYL和FWBL大约在60万年前分化。这一结果支持FWBLYL的野猪是最早扩散并在东亚岛屿隔离的野猪。此外，该研究提出了冰川期6条亚洲野猪扩散路线。其中至少3次事件发生在东亚岛屿，冰川消退后随后出现地理隔离。这种隔离可能导致野猪亚种的异域分化。此外，兰屿猪与FWBLYL野猪相似的遗传特征和系统发育独特性表明，此类野猪是家养兰屿猪的野生祖先。这一结果表明台湾存在就地驯化的可能性。最后，具有FWBLYL遗传特征的猪在台湾、兰屿和菲律宾之间持续分布。这种模式可能意味着人类介导的猪的扩散路线。
