Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 28;25(1):420. doi: 10.3390/ijms25010420.
Helminths are multicellular parasites that are a substantial problem for both human and veterinary medicine. According to estimates, 1.5 billion people suffer from their infection, resulting in decreased life quality and burdens for healthcare systems. On the other hand, these infections may alleviate autoimmune diseases and allergy symptoms. The immune system is programmed to combat infections; nevertheless, its effector mechanisms may result in immunopathologies and exacerbate clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the role of the immune response against worms, with an emphasis on the Th response, which is a hallmark of helminth infections. We characterize non-immune cells (enteric tuft cells-ETCs) responsible for detecting parasites, as well as the role of hematopoietic-derived cells (macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells group 2-ILC2s, mast cells, T cells, and B cells) in initiating and sustaining the immune response, as well as the functions they play in granulomas. The aim of this paper is to review the existing knowledge regarding the immune response against helminths, to attempt to decipher the interactions between cells engaged in the response, and to indicate the gaps in the current knowledge.
寄生虫是多细胞寄生虫，它们是人类和兽医医学的一个重大问题。据估计，有 15 亿人受到感染，导致生活质量下降和医疗保健系统负担加重。另一方面，这些感染可能减轻自身免疫性疾病和过敏症状。免疫系统被编程来对抗感染；然而，其效应机制可能导致免疫病理学并加重临床症状。这篇综述总结了针对蠕虫的免疫反应的作用，重点介绍了 Th 反应，这是寄生虫感染的标志。我们描述了负责检测寄生虫的非免疫细胞（肠簇细胞-ETCs），以及造血衍生细胞（巨噬细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、先天淋巴细胞群 2-ILC2s、肥大细胞、T 细胞和 B 细胞）在启动和维持免疫反应中的作用，以及它们在肉芽肿中发挥的功能。本文的目的是回顾针对寄生虫的免疫反应的现有知识，试图破译参与反应的细胞之间的相互作用，并指出当前知识中的空白。
