Stanley Johan, Xanthopoulou Eleftheria, Finšgar Matjaž, Zemljič Lidija Fras, Klonos Panagiotis A, Kyritsis Apostolos, Koltsakidis Savvas, Tzetzis Dimitrios, Lambropoulou Dimitra A, Baciu Diana, Steriotis Theodore A, Charalambopoulou Georgia, Bikiaris Dimitrios N
Laboratory of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers and Colors, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
Polymers (Basel). 2023 Nov 23;15(23):4502. doi: 10.3390/polym15234502.
Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF)-based nanocomposites containing Ce-bioglass, ZnO, and ZrO nanoparticles were synthesized via in situ polymerization, targeting food packaging applications. The nanocomposites were thoroughly characterized, combining a range of techniques. The successful polymerization was confirmed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and the molecular weight values were determined indirectly by applying intrinsic viscosity measurements. The nanocomposites' structure was investigated by depth profiling using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), while color measurements showed a low-to-moderate increase in the color concentration of all the nanocomposites compared to neat PEF. The thermal properties and crystallinity behavior of the synthesized materials were also examined. The neat PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites show a crystalline fraction of 0-5%, and annealed samples of both PEF and PEF-based nanocomposites exhibit a crystallinity above 20%. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs revealed that active agent nanoparticles are well dispersed in the PEF matrix. Contact angle measurements showed that incorporating nanoparticles into the PEF matrix significantly reduces the wetting angle due to increased roughness and introduction of the polar -OH groups. Antimicrobial studies indicated a significant increase in inhibition of bacterial strains of about 9-22% for Gram-positive bacterial strains and 5-16% for Gram-negative bacterial strains in PEF nanocomposite films, respectively. Finally, nanoindentation tests showed that the ZnO-based nanocomposite exhibits improved hardness and elastic modulus values compared to neat PEF.
通过原位聚合法合成了含有铈生物玻璃、氧化锌和氧化锆纳米颗粒的聚（2,5-呋喃二甲酸乙二酯）（PEF）基纳米复合材料，目标是用于食品包装应用。采用一系列技术对这些纳米复合材料进行了全面表征。使用衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）确认了成功聚合，并通过特性粘度测量间接测定了分子量值。使用飞行时间二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）通过深度剖析研究了纳米复合材料的结构，而颜色测量表明，与纯PEF相比，所有纳米复合材料的颜色浓度有低到中等程度的增加。还研究了合成材料的热性能和结晶行为。纯PEF和PEF基纳米复合材料的结晶度为0-5%，PEF和PEF基纳米复合材料的退火样品结晶度均高于20%。此外，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）显微照片显示活性剂纳米颗粒在PEF基体中分散良好。接触角测量表明，由于粗糙度增加和极性-OH基团的引入，将纳米颗粒掺入PEF基体中显著降低了润湿角。抗菌研究表明，PEF纳米复合薄膜对革兰氏阳性细菌菌株的抑制率显著提高约9-22%，对革兰氏阴性细菌菌株的抑制率为5-16%。最后，纳米压痕测试表明，与纯PEF相比，基于氧化锌的纳米复合材料具有更高的硬度和弹性模量值。
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