Bolan Shiv, Sharma Shailja, Mukherjee Santanu, Zhou Pingfan, Mandal Jajati, Srivastava Prashant, Hou Deyi, Edussuriya Randima, Vithanage Meththika, Truong Vi Khanh, Chapman James, Xu Qing, Zhang Tao, Bandara Pramod, Wijesekara Hasintha, Rinklebe Jörg, Wang Hailong, Siddique Kadambot H M, Kirkham M B, Bolan Nanthi
UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Canberra, Australia.
School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India; School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Mar 15;916:170013. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170013. Epub 2024 Jan 18.
Nanomaterials in the food industry are used as food additives, and the main function of these food additives is to improve food qualities including texture, flavor, color, consistency, preservation, and nutrient bioavailability. This review aims to provide an overview of the distribution, fate, and environmental and health impacts of food additive nanomaterials in soil and aquatic ecosystems. Some of the major nanomaterials in food additives include titanium dioxide, silver, gold, silicon dioxide, iron oxide, and zinc oxide. Ingestion of food products containing food additive nanomaterials via dietary intake is considered to be one of the major pathways of human exposure to nanomaterials. Food additive nanomaterials reach the terrestrial and aquatic environments directly through the disposal of food wastes in landfills and the application of food waste-derived soil amendments. A significant amount of ingested food additive nanomaterials (> 90 %) is excreted, and these nanomaterials are not efficiently removed in the wastewater system, thereby reaching the environment indirectly through the disposal of recycled water and sewage sludge in agricultural land. Food additive nanomaterials undergo various transformation and reaction processes, such as adsorption, aggregation-sedimentation, desorption, degradation, dissolution, and bio-mediated reactions in the environment. These processes significantly impact the transport and bioavailability of nanomaterials as well as their behaviour and fate in the environment. These nanomaterials are toxic to soil and aquatic organisms, and reach the food chain through plant uptake and animal transfer. The environmental and health risks of food additive nanomaterials can be overcome by eliminating their emission through recycled water and sewage sludge.
食品工业中的纳米材料被用作食品添加剂，这些食品添加剂的主要功能是改善食品品质，包括质地、风味、颜色、稠度、保质期和营养生物利用度。本综述旨在概述食品添加剂纳米材料在土壤和水生生态系统中的分布、归宿以及对环境和健康的影响。食品添加剂中的一些主要纳米材料包括二氧化钛、银、金、二氧化硅、氧化铁和氧化锌。通过饮食摄入含有食品添加剂纳米材料的食品被认为是人类接触纳米材料的主要途径之一。食品添加剂纳米材料通过在垃圾填埋场处置食物垃圾以及应用源自食物垃圾的土壤改良剂直接进入陆地和水生环境。大量摄入的食品添加剂纳米材料（>90%）会被排出，并且这些纳米材料在废水处理系统中无法有效去除，从而通过在农田中处置再生水和污泥间接进入环境。食品添加剂纳米材料在环境中会经历各种转化和反应过程，如吸附、聚集-沉淀、解吸、降解、溶解和生物介导反应。这些过程会显著影响纳米材料的迁移和生物利用度以及它们在环境中的行为和归宿。这些纳米材料对土壤和水生生物有毒，并通过植物吸收和动物转移进入食物链。食品添加剂纳米材料对环境和健康的风险可以通过消除再生水和污泥中的排放来克服。
