Arvaniti Christina K, Brotis Alexandros G, Paschalis Thanasis, Kapsalaki Eftychia Z, Fountas Kostas N
Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece.
Department of Neuro-Oncology, Cambridge University Hospital, Cambridge CB4 1GN, UK.
Brain Sci. 2024 Jan 11;14(1):75. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14010075.
The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in body orientation, posture control, and spatial and body motion perception, as well as in gaze and eye movements. We aimed to review the current knowledge regarding the location of the cortical and subcortical areas, implicated in the processing of vestibular stimuli. The search was performed in PubMed and Scopus. We focused on studies reporting on vestibular manifestations after electrical cortical stimulation. A total of 16 studies were finally included. Two main types of vestibular responses were elicited, including vertigo and perception of body movement. The latter could be either rotatory or translational. Electrical stimulation of the temporal structures elicited mainly vertigo, while stimulation of the parietal lobe was associated with perceptions of body movement. Stimulation of the occipital lobe produced vertigo with visual manifestations. There was evidence that the vestibular responses became more robust with increasing current intensity. Low-frequency stimulation proved to be more effective than high-frequency in eliciting vestibular responses. Numerous non-vestibular responses were recorded after stimulation of the vestibular cortex, including somatosensory, viscero-sensory, and emotional manifestations. Newer imaging modalities such as functional MRI (fMRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), SPECT, and near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) can provide useful information regarding localization of the vestibular cortex.
前庭系统在身体定向、姿势控制、空间和身体运动感知以及注视和眼球运动中起着重要作用。我们旨在综述当前有关参与前庭刺激处理的皮质和皮质下区域位置的知识。检索在PubMed和Scopus中进行。我们重点关注报告皮质电刺激后前庭表现的研究。最终纳入了16项研究。引发了两种主要类型的前庭反应，包括眩晕和身体运动感知。后者可以是旋转性的或平移性的。颞叶结构的电刺激主要引发眩晕，而顶叶刺激与身体运动感知有关。枕叶刺激产生伴有视觉表现的眩晕。有证据表明，随着电流强度增加，前庭反应变得更强。低频刺激在引发前庭反应方面被证明比高频刺激更有效。刺激前庭皮质后记录到许多非前庭反应，包括躯体感觉、内脏感觉和情绪表现。功能磁共振成像（fMRI）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）、单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）和近红外光谱（NIRS）等更新的成像方式可以提供有关前庭皮质定位的有用信息。
