Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsokikotosor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary.
Toxins (Basel). 2024 Jan 8;16(1):31. doi: 10.3390/toxins16010031.
The term "Fusarium Head Blight" (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernels (FDK), and DON steadily result from FHB, and even the genetic regulation of spp. may differ; therefore, multitoxin contamination is common. The resistance types of FHB form a rather complex syndrome that has been the subject of debate for decades. It seems that resistance types are not independent variables but rather a series of components that follow disease and epidemic development; their genetic regulation may differ. Spraying inoculation (Type 1 resistance) includes the phase where spores land on palea and lemma and spread to the ovarium and also includes the spread-inhibiting resistance factor; therefore, it provides the overall resistance that is needed. A significant part of Type 1-resistant QTLs could, therefore, be Type 2, requiring the retesting of the QTLs; this is, at least, the case for the most effective ones. The updated resistance components are as follows: Component 1 is overall resistance, as discussed above; Component 2 includes spreading from the ovarium through the head, which is a part of Component 1; Component 3 includes factors from grain development to ripening (FDK); Component 4 includes factors influencing DON contamination, decrease, overproduction, and relative toxin resistance; and for Component 5, the tolerance has a low significance without new results. Independent QTLs with different functions can be identified for one or more traits. Resistance to different spp. seems to be connected; it is species non-specific, but further research is necessary. Their toxin relations are unknown. DI, FDK, and DON should be checked as they serve as the basic data for the risk analysis of cultivars. A better understanding of the multitoxin risk is needed regarding resistance to the main spp.; therefore, an updated testing methodology is suggested. This will provide more precise data for research, genetics, and variety registration. In winter and spring wheat, the existing resistance level is very high, close to Sumai 3, and provides much greater food safety combined with sophisticated fungicide preventive control and other practices in commercial production.
“镰刀菌穗腐病”(FHB)抗性这个术语据称涵盖了针对不同种的一般抗性,但没有任何普遍接受的证据。出于食品安全考虑,除脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)外,所有毒素都应被视为考虑因素。病害指数(DI)、结痂籽粒(FDK)和 DON 都是由 FHB 引起的,甚至种的遗传调控也可能不同;因此,多毒素污染很常见。FHB 抗性类型形成了一个相当复杂的综合征,几十年来一直存在争议。似乎抗性类型不是独立变量,而是一系列随疾病和流行发展的组成部分;它们的遗传调控可能不同。喷雾接种(1 型抗性)包括孢子落在颖片和外稃上并传播到子房的阶段,还包括抑制传播的抗性因子;因此,它提供了所需的整体抗性。因此,1 型抗性 QTL 的很大一部分可能是 2 型,需要重新测试 QTL;至少对于最有效的 QTL 是这样的。更新的抗性成分如下:第 1 部分是上文讨论的整体抗性;第 2 部分包括从子房通过头部传播,这是第 1 部分的一部分;第 3 部分包括从谷物发育到成熟(FDK)的因子;第 4 部分包括影响 DON 污染、减少、过度产生和相对毒素抗性的因子;第 5 部分,在没有新结果的情况下,耐受力的意义较低。可以为一个或多个性状识别具有不同功能的独立 QTL。对不同种的抗性似乎是相关的;它是种非特异性的,但需要进一步研究。它们的毒素关系尚不清楚。DI、FDK 和 DON 应作为品种风险分析的基本数据进行检查。需要更好地了解主要种的多毒素风险,因此建议采用更新的测试方法。这将为研究、遗传学和品种登记提供更精确的数据。在冬小麦和春小麦中,现有的抗性水平非常高,接近于 Sumai 3,并结合商业生产中的复杂杀菌剂预防性控制和其他措施,提供了更大的食品安全保障。
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