O'Hara Sharon E, Paschall Mallie J, Grube Joel W, Ponicki William R
Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, USA.
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2024 Feb;43(2):454-464. doi: 10.1111/dar.13807. Epub 2024 Jan 23.
We investigated whether greater concentrations of on- and off-sale alcohol outlets were associated with crime and whether this association was moderated by COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders (SIP) that restricted on-premises consumption of alcohol.
Crimes (2019-2020) and addresses of licenced alcohol outlets in a medium-sized California city were geocoded within census block groups (N = 61). On- and off-sale alcohol outlet density was calculated as licenced outlets/2.59 km (1 square mile). Multilevel negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between alcohol outlet density and crime, and possible moderating effects of SIP, controlling for block group demographic characteristics and density of other retail businesses.
On-sale outlet density was positively associated with total crimes and Part 2 crimes, while off-sale outlet density was inversely associated with total crime and Part 2 crimes. Overall, SIP was not significantly associated with crime, but moderated the associations of on-sale density with total crime and Part 1 crimes such that reductions in crime during SIP were observed in higher density areas. The association of off-sale outlets with crime was not moderated by SIP policies.
On-sale outlet density, but not off-sale density, appears to be associated with increased crime. The results further indicate that restrictions in hours and service imposed by SIP policies reduced crime in high on-sale outlet density areas. These findings reinforce the importance of regulating alcohol outlet density and hours of service, especially for on-sale outlets, as a crime reduction strategy.
我们调查了在售和非售酒精饮料店铺的更高密度是否与犯罪有关，以及这种关联是否受到限制酒精饮料店内消费的新冠疫情居家令（SIP）的调节。
对加利福尼亚州一个中等规模城市的犯罪情况（2019 - 2020年）和持牌酒精饮料店铺地址进行地理编码，划分到人口普查街区组（N = 61）。在售和非售酒精饮料店铺密度计算为持牌店铺数/2.59平方公里（1平方英里）。进行多层次负二项回归分析，以检验酒精饮料店铺密度与犯罪之间的关联，以及居家令可能产生的调节作用，同时控制街区组人口特征和其他零售企业的密度。
在售店铺密度与总犯罪数及第二类犯罪呈正相关，而非售店铺密度与总犯罪数及第二类犯罪呈负相关。总体而言，居家令与犯罪无显著关联，但调节了在售店铺密度与总犯罪数及第一类犯罪的关联，使得在高密度区域观察到居家令期间犯罪率有所下降。非售店铺与犯罪的关联未受居家令政策的调节。
似乎是在售店铺密度而非非售店铺密度与犯罪增加有关。结果还表明，居家令政策对营业时间和服务的限制降低了在售店铺高密度区域的犯罪率。这些发现强化了将调节酒精饮料店铺密度和营业时间，尤其是在售店铺的密度和营业时间，作为一种减少犯罪策略的重要性。
