Research Institute for Reproductive Health and Genetic Diseases, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Neuroscience Center, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
Front Immunol. 2024 Jan 8;14:1325530. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1325530. eCollection 2023.
Neuroinflammation has been identified as another significant pathogenic factor in Alzheimer's disease following Aβ amyloid deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, activated in the central nervous system by glial cells in response to injury-related and pathogen-related molecular patterns. Moderate glial cell activity can be neuroprotective; however, excessive glial cell activation advances the pathology of Alzheimer's disease and is accompanied by structural changes in the brain interface, with peripheral immune cells entering the brain through the blood-brain barrier, creating a vicious circle. The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are primarily conveyed through extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-EVs participate in chronic inflammatory and immune processes by transferring nucleic acids, proteins and lipids from the parent cell to the recipient cell, thus MSC-EVs retain their immunomodulatory capacity while avoiding the safety issues associated with living cell therapy, making them a promising focus for immunomodulatory therapy. In this review, we discuss the modulatory effects of MSC-EVs on Alzheimer's disease-associated immune cells and the mechanisms involved in their treatment of the condition. We have found a clinical trial of MSC-EVs in Alzheimer's disease treatment and outlined the challenges of this approach. Overall, MSC-EVs have the potential to provide a safe and effective treatment option for Alzheimer's disease by targeting neuroinflammation.
神经炎症在淀粉样蛋白 β 沉积和 tau 蛋白过度磷酸化之后被确定为阿尔茨海默病的另一个重要致病因素，在中枢神经系统中，星形胶质细胞对损伤相关和病原体相关分子模式作出反应而被激活。适度的神经胶质细胞活性具有神经保护作用；然而，过度的神经胶质细胞激活会加速阿尔茨海默病的病理学发展，并伴有大脑界面的结构变化，外周免疫细胞通过血脑屏障进入大脑，形成恶性循环。间充质干细胞（MSC）的免疫调节特性主要通过细胞外囊泡（EV）来传递。MSC-EV 通过将核酸、蛋白质和脂质从供体细胞传递到受体细胞，参与慢性炎症和免疫过程，从而保留其免疫调节能力，同时避免与活细胞治疗相关的安全问题，使其成为免疫调节治疗的有前途的焦点。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了 MSC-EV 对阿尔茨海默病相关免疫细胞的调节作用及其在治疗该疾病中的作用机制。我们找到了一项 MSC-EV 治疗阿尔茨海默病的临床试验，并概述了该方法面临的挑战。总体而言，MSC-EV 有可能通过靶向神经炎症为阿尔茨海默病提供一种安全有效的治疗选择。
