HAF Prevents Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Transcriptional Regulation of the NF-κB pathway.

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence is increasing worldwide due to the obesity epidemic, which drives metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) that can lead to HCC. However, the molecular pathways that lead to MASH-HCC are poorly understood. We have previously reported that male mice with global haploinsufficiency of hypoxia-associated factor, HAF ( ) spontaneously develop MASH/HCC. However, the cell type(s) responsible for HCC associated with HAF loss are unclear.

RESULTS

-floxed mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre-recombinase within hepatocytes (Alb-Cre; hepS ) or macrophages (LysM-Cre, macS ). Only hepS mice (both male and female) developed HCC suggesting that HAF protects against HCC primarily within hepatocytes. HAF-deficient macrophages showed decreased P-p65 and P-p50 and in many major components of the NF-κB pathway, which was recapitulated using HAF siRNA . HAF depletion increased apoptosis both and , suggesting that HAF mediates a tumor suppressor role by suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis. We show that HAF regulates NF-κB activity by controlling transcription of and . Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed marked suppression of HAF, P-p65 and TRADD within their livers after 26 weeks, but manifest profound upregulation of HAF, P-65 and TRADD within their livers after 40 weeks of HFD, implicating deregulation of the HAF-NF-κB axis in the progression to MASH. In humans, HAF was significantly decreased in livers with simple steatosis but significantly increased in HCC compared to normal liver.

CONCLUSIONS

HAF is novel transcriptional regulator of the NF-κB pathway that protects against hepatocyte apoptosis and is a key determinant of cell fate during progression to MASH and MASH-HCC.