Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, India.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Feb;31(10):14349-14366. doi: 10.1007/s11356-024-32115-5. Epub 2024 Jan 30.
In the field of sustainable wastewater management, electroactive wetlands (EW), or constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFC), are an emerging technology. With the growing problem of untreated wastewater, the emphasis must shift to decentralisation of wastewater treatment infrastructure, and CW-MFC can be an excellent choice. This review provides a chronologically organized account of the design and configuration of CW-MFCs developed between 2010 and 2023. The research on CW-MFC has mainly focused on material, positioning and number of electrodes; use of electroconductive media and filler materials; flow regime; algal-based CW-MFC and multistage setups. Compared to traditional constructed wetlands (CW) and microbial fuel cells (MFC), CW-MFCs have a number of advantages, including better treatment efficiency, faster organic matter utilisation, lower capital and land requirements and a smaller carbon footprint. However, there are some limitations as well, such as upscaling and viable electricity generation, which are covered in more detail in the article. Moreover, the economics of this technology is also evaluated. The microbiology of a CW-MFC and its influence on its performance are also elaborated. Recent advancements in this field in terms of design, configuration and performance are discussed. Finally, the knowledge gaps that must be addressed before this technique can be successfully implemented on a large scale are highlighted, along with specific recommendations. This article aims to advocate for EWs as an ideal decentralised wastewater treatment technique, while also shedding light on the areas that still need to be worked on.
在可持续废水管理领域，电活性湿地（EW）或人工湿地-微生物燃料电池（CW-MFC）是一种新兴技术。随着未经处理的废水问题日益严重，必须将废水处理基础设施的重点转移到分散化上，而 CW-MFC 可以是一个极好的选择。本综述按时间顺序介绍了 2010 年至 2023 年间开发的 CW-MFC 的设计和配置。CW-MFC 的研究主要集中在材料、电极的位置和数量；导电介质和填充材料的使用；流动方式；基于藻类的 CW-MFC 和多级设置。与传统的人工湿地（CW）和微生物燃料电池（MFC）相比，CW-MFC 具有许多优势，包括更好的处理效率、更快的有机物利用、更低的资本和土地要求以及更小的碳足迹。然而，它也存在一些局限性，例如放大和可行的发电，这些在文章中有更详细的介绍。此外，还评估了这项技术的经济性。CW-MFC 的微生物学及其对性能的影响也进行了阐述。本文讨论了该领域在设计、配置和性能方面的最新进展。最后，强调了在这项技术能够成功大规模实施之前必须解决的知识空白，并提出了具体的建议。本文旨在倡导 EWs 作为一种理想的分散式废水处理技术，同时也强调了仍需要努力的领域。
