Clinical practice and effect of carbon dioxide on outcomes in mechanically ventilated acute brain-injured patients: a secondary analysis of the ENIO study.

PURPOSE

The use of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO) as a target intervention to manage elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and its effect on clinical outcomes remain unclear. We aimed to describe targets for PaCO in acute brain injured (ABI) patients and assess the occurrence of abnormal PaCO values during the first week in the intensive care unit (ICU). The secondary aim was to assess the association of PaCO with in-hospital mortality.

METHODS

We carried out a secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective observational study involving adult invasively ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), or ischemic stroke (IS). PaCO was collected on day 1, 3, and 7 from ICU admission. Normocapnia was defined as PaCO > 35 and to 45 mmHg; mild hypocapnia as 32-35 mmHg; severe hypocapnia as 26-31 mmHg, forced hypocapnia as < 26 mmHg, and hypercapnia as > 45 mmHg.

RESULTS

1476 patients (65.9% male, mean age 52 18 years) were included. On ICU admission, 804 (54.5%) patients were normocapnic (incidence 1.37 episodes per person/day during ICU stay), and 125 (8.5%) and 334 (22.6%) were mild or severe hypocapnic (0.52 and 0.25 episodes/day). Forced hypocapnia and hypercapnia were used in 40 (2.7%) and 173 (11.7%) patients. PaCO had a U-shape relationship with in-hospital mortality with only severe hypocapnia and hypercapnia being associated with increased probability of in-hospital mortality (omnibus p value = 0.0009). Important differences were observed across different subgroups of ABI patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Normocapnia and mild hypocapnia are common in ABI patients and do not affect patients' outcome. Extreme derangements of PaCO values were significantly associated with increased in-hospital mortality.