Centro Specialistico Sviluppo Metodi Analitici, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy.
Food Borne Diseases and One Health Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2024 Mar;41(3):313-324. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2306930. Epub 2024 Jan 31.
Sustainable food systems involve the recycling of biowaste and water. This study characterizes thirty-one top soil improvers of anthropogenic, animal, and green waste origin, along with eleven irrigation waters from rivers, channels, and civil wastewater treatment plants (cWWTPs) for the presence of antimicrobials. Liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) was employed to identify forty-eight drugs belonging to the classes of sulfonamides (11), tetracyclines (7), fluoroquinolones (10), macrolides (12), amphenicols (3), pleuromutilins (2), diaminopyrimidines (1), rifamycins (1) and licosamides (1). Sludge from cWWTPs, animal manure, slurry, and poultry litter exhibited the highest loads for sulfonamides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and macrolides (80, 470, 885, and 4,487 ng g wet weight, respectively) with nor- and ciprofloxacin serving as markers for anthropogenic sources. In compost and digestate, antimicrobials were found to be almost always below the limits of quantification. Reused water from cWWTPs for irrigation in open-field lettuce production were contaminated in the range of 12-221 ng L with sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones, compared to very few detected in channels and surface waters. The Antimicrobials Hazard Index (HI), based on the Predicted No Effect Concentration for Antimicrobial Resistance (PNEC), was significantly >100 in contaminated topsoil improvers from urban and animal sources. Accounting for worst-case inputs from topsoil improvers and irrigation water, as well as dilution factors in amended soil, fluoroquinolones only exhibited an HI around 1 in open fields for lettuce production. The origin of topsoil improvers plays a pivotal role in ensuring safe and sustainable leafy vegetable production, thereby mitigating the risk of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) onset in food-borne diseases and the transfer of AMR elements to the human gut flora.
可持续的食物系统涉及生物废物和水的再循环。本研究对 31 种源于人为、动物和绿色废物的顶级土壤改良剂，以及 11 种来自河流、渠道和城市废水处理厂（cWWTP）的灌溉用水进行了研究，以确定其中是否存在抗菌药物。采用液相色谱-混合高分辨率质谱法（LC-HRMS/MS）对 48 种药物进行了鉴定，这些药物属于磺胺类（11 种）、四环素类（7 种）、氟喹诺酮类（10 种）、大环内酯类（12 种）、安普霉素类（3 种）、截短侧耳素类（2 种）、二氨基嘧啶类（1 种）、利福霉素类（1 种）和利福昔明类（1 种）。cWWTP 中的污泥、动物粪便、粪浆和家禽粪便中磺胺类、四环素类、氟喹诺酮类和大环内酯类的负荷最高（分别为 80、470、885 和 4487ng g 湿重，诺氟沙星和环丙沙星是人为源的标志）。在堆肥和消化物中，抗菌药物的含量几乎总是低于定量限。用于露天生菜生产的 cWWTP 再利用灌溉水中，磺胺类、四环素类和氟喹诺酮类的含量在 12-221ng L 之间，而在渠道和地表水的检测中含量很少。基于抗菌药物抗药性预测无效应浓度（PNEC）的抗菌药物危害指数（HI），城市和动物来源的受污染顶级土壤改良剂的 HI 值显著>100。考虑到顶级土壤改良剂和灌溉水中的最差输入，以及改良土壤中的稀释因素，仅在露天生菜生产中，氟喹诺酮类的 HI 值约为 1。顶级土壤改良剂的来源在确保叶类蔬菜安全可持续生产方面起着关键作用，从而降低食源性疾病中抗菌药物抗药性（AMR）的发生风险，并降低 AMR 元素向人类肠道菌群的转移。
