Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore; Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
Siansonic Technology Limited, No.1, Xingguang 5th Street, Ciqu, Tongzhou District, Beijing 101111, China.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2024 Apr;207:115201. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115201. Epub 2024 Feb 6.
Although nanotechnology has evolutionarily progressed in biomedical field over the past decades, achieving satisfactory therapeutic effects remains difficult with limited delivery efficiency. Ultrasound could provide a deep penetration and maneuverable actuation to efficiently power micro-/nanoswimmers with little harm, offering an emerging and fascinating alternative to the active delivery platform. Recent advances in novel fabrication, controllable concepts like intelligent swarm and the integration of hybrid propulsions have promoted its function and potential for medical applications. In this review, we will summarize the mechanisms and types of ultrasonically propelled micro/nanorobots (termed here as "AcousticRobots"), including the interactions between AcousticRobots and acoustic field, practical design considerations (e.g., component, size, shape), the synthetic methods, surface modification, controllable behaviors, and the advantages when combined with other propulsion approaches. The representative biomedical applications of functional AcousticRobots are also highlighted, including drug delivery, invasive surgery, eradication on the surrounding bio-environment, cell manipulation, detection, and imaging, etc. We conclude by discussing the challenges and outlook of AcousticRobots in biomedical applications.
尽管纳米技术在过去几十年中在生物医学领域取得了发展，但由于输送效率有限，仍难以达到令人满意的治疗效果。超声可以提供深穿透和可操纵的驱动，以有效地为微/纳米游泳者提供动力，而几乎没有伤害，为主动输送平台提供了一种新兴而引人入胜的替代方案。新型制造技术的进步、智能群集等可控概念的发展以及混合推进系统的整合，推动了其功能和在医学应用中的潜力。在这篇综述中，我们将总结超声驱动的微/纳米机器人（这里称为“声机器人”）的机制和类型，包括声机器人与声场的相互作用、实际设计考虑因素（例如，组件、尺寸、形状）、合成方法、表面改性、可控行为，以及与其他推进方法结合的优势。功能声机器人的代表性生物医学应用也得到了强调，包括药物输送、侵入性手术、周围生物环境的消除、细胞操作、检测和成像等。最后，我们讨论了声机器人在生物医学应用中面临的挑战和展望。
