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GPR55 失活可减少小鼠脑缺血再灌注模型中的脾脏反应并改善神经功能结局。

GPR55 Inactivation Diminishes Splenic Responses and Improves Neurological Outcomes in the Mouse Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke Model.

机构信息

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.

Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.

出版信息

Cells. 2024 Feb 3;13(3):280. doi: 10.3390/cells13030280.

Abstract

Although strokes are frequent and severe, treatment options are scarce. Plasminogen activators, the only FDA-approved agents for clot treatment (tissue plasminogen activators (tPAs)), are used in a limited patient group. Moreover, there are few approaches for handling the brain's inflammatory reactions to a stroke. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55)'s connection to inflammatory processes has been recently reported; however, its role in stroke remains to be discovered. Post-stroke neuroinflammation involves the central nervous system (CNS)'s resident microglia activation and the infiltration of leukocytes from circulation into the brain. Additionally, splenic responses have been shown to be detrimental to stroke recovery. While lymphocytes enter the brain in small numbers, they regularly emerge as a very influential leukocyte subset that causes secondary inflammatory cerebral damage. However, an understanding of how this limited lymphocyte presence profoundly impacts stroke outcomes remains largely unclear. In this study, a mouse model for transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was used to mimic ischemia followed by a reperfusion (IS/R) stroke. GPR55 inactivation, with a potent GPR55-specific antagonist, ML-193, starting 6 h after tMCAO or the absence of the GPR55 in mice (GPR55 knock out (GPR55ko)) resulted in a reduced infarction volume, improved neurological outcomes, and decreased splenic responses. The inhibition of GPR55 with ML-193 diminished CD4T-cell spleen egress and attenuated CD4T-cell brain infiltration. Additionally, ML-193 treatment resulted in an augmented number of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the brain post-tMCAO. Our report offers documentation and the functional evaluation of GPR55 in the brain-spleen axis and lays the foundation for refining therapeutics for patients after ischemic attacks.

摘要

尽管中风频繁且严重,但治疗选择却很少。纤溶酶原激活物是唯一被 FDA 批准用于血栓治疗的药物(组织型纤溶酶原激活物 (tPA)),仅适用于有限的患者群体。此外,处理大脑对中风的炎症反应的方法也很少。最近有报道称孤儿 G 蛋白偶联受体 55 (GPR55) 与炎症过程有关;然而,其在中风中的作用仍有待发现。中风后的神经炎症涉及中枢神经系统 (CNS) 常驻小胶质细胞的激活和白细胞从循环中渗透到大脑。此外,已经表明脾脏反应对中风恢复有害。虽然淋巴细胞少量进入大脑,但它们经常作为一个非常有影响力的白细胞亚群出现,导致继发性炎症性脑损伤。然而,对于这种有限的淋巴细胞存在如何深刻影响中风结果,人们的理解在很大程度上仍然不清楚。在这项研究中,使用短暂性大脑中动脉闭塞 (tMCAO) 的小鼠模型模拟缺血后再灌注 (IS/R) 中风。GPR55 失活,使用一种有效的 GPR55 特异性拮抗剂 ML-193,在 tMCAO 后 6 小时开始或在小鼠中缺乏 GPR55(GPR55 敲除 (GPR55ko)),可减少梗死体积、改善神经功能结局和减少脾脏反应。用 ML-193 抑制 GPR55 可减少 CD4T 细胞脾脏迁出,并减弱 CD4T 细胞大脑浸润。此外,ML-193 治疗可导致 tMCAO 后大脑中调节性 T 细胞 (Treg) 的数量增加。我们的报告提供了 GPR55 在脑-脾轴中的文档记录和功能评估,并为缺血性发作后患者的治疗方法的改进奠定了基础。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/0451/10855118/158bcd7d143a/cells-13-00280-g001.jpg

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