Collins F M
CRC Crit Rev Microbiol. 1978;7(1):27-91. doi: 10.3109/10408417909101177.
Acquired resistance to infectious disease may be expressed by a predominantly humoral or a cellular mechanism or, more frequently, by a combination of the two. The cellular interactions which are responsible for the induction of the immune response in the skin, lung, intestinal mucosa, genitourinary tract, conjunctiva, and peritoneal cavity are discussed and the role of living or dead vaccines in the induction of acquired resistance is outlined. The host response involves three different cell types: the phagocytic cell (polymorphs or macrophages), the thymus-dependent (T) lymphocyte, and the thymus-independent (B) lymphocyte-plasma cell line. The normal unstimulated phagocytic cell is capable of killing most nonpathogenic bacteria that gain entry to the tissues. However, the presence of opsonic antibodies and activated macrophages is required to eliminate the pathogenic intracellular parasites. Such immunological activation involves the presence of sensitized T-lymphocytes in the lesion. The cellular response is also characterized by the simultaneous development of a state of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), along with the antimicrobial CMI response. A rising humoral response normally develops subsequently. Killed bacterial cells (except when incorporated into Freund's complete adjuvant) induce the humoral response without the CMI reaction so that such vaccines are not able to fully protect the host against the naturally acquired disease. With the development of cell fractionation methods as well as the identification of distinctive cell surface markers, suspensions of B- and T-cells and macrophages can now be prepared for use in increasingly sophisticated transfer and reconstitution studies. The role of the different cell types in the expression of humoral and cellular immunity has been determined, and the effect of various immunopotentiating and immunosuppressive regimens on the immune system as a whole has been evaluated quantitatively. These studies have led to an appreciation of the role played by suppressor B- and T-cells in the interplay of both humoral and cellular components of the host defense system during the development of immune tolerance, desensitization, anergy, autoimmunity, and the expression of an anamnestic immune response following reinfection.
获得性抗感染能力可以通过主要的体液机制或细胞机制来表达，或者更常见的是通过两者的结合来表达。本文讨论了在皮肤、肺、肠道黏膜、泌尿生殖道、结膜和腹腔中诱导免疫反应的细胞相互作用，并概述了活疫苗或死疫苗在诱导获得性抵抗力中的作用。宿主反应涉及三种不同的细胞类型：吞噬细胞（多形核细胞或巨噬细胞）、胸腺依赖性（T）淋巴细胞和胸腺非依赖性（B）淋巴细胞 - 浆细胞系。正常未受刺激的吞噬细胞能够杀死大多数进入组织的非致病性细菌。然而，需要调理素抗体和活化的巨噬细胞来清除致病性细胞内寄生虫。这种免疫激活涉及病变部位致敏T淋巴细胞的存在。细胞反应的特征还在于迟发型超敏反应（DTH）状态与抗微生物细胞介导免疫（CMI）反应同时发展。随后通常会出现体液反应增强。杀死的细菌细胞（除非掺入弗氏完全佐剂中）可诱导体液反应而不产生CMI反应，因此此类疫苗不能完全保护宿主免受自然获得性疾病的侵害。随着细胞分级分离方法的发展以及独特细胞表面标志物的鉴定，现在可以制备B细胞、T细胞和巨噬细胞悬液，用于越来越复杂的转移和重建研究。已经确定了不同细胞类型在体液免疫和细胞免疫表达中的作用，并定量评估了各种免疫增强和免疫抑制方案对整个免疫系统的影响。这些研究使人们认识到抑制性B细胞和T细胞在免疫耐受、脱敏、无反应性、自身免疫以及再次感染后回忆性免疫反应表达过程中，在宿主防御系统的体液和细胞成分相互作用中所起的作用。
