Wan Shuang, Ma Weiting, Wang Yutong, Xiao Ying, Chen Shimou
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology of Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 10029, China.
Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(21):e2311912. doi: 10.1002/adma.202311912. Epub 2024 Feb 23.
With the continuously growing demand for wide-range applications, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly required to work under conditions that deviate from room temperature (RT). However, commercial electrolytes exhibit low thermal stability at high temperatures (HT) and poor dynamic properties at low temperatures (LT), hindering the operation of LIBs under extreme conditions. The bottleneck restricting the practical applications of LIBs has promoted researchers to pay more attention to developing a series of innovative electrolytes. This review primarily covers the design of electrolytes for LIBs from a temperature adaptability perspective. First, the fundamentals of electrolytes concerning temperature, including donor number (DN), dielectric constant, viscosity, conductivity, ionic transport, and theoretical calculations are elaborated. Second, prototypical examples, such as lithium salts, solvent structures, additives, and interfacial layers in both liquid and solid electrolytes, are presented to explain how these factors can affect the electrochemical behavior of LIBs at high or low temperatures. Meanwhile, the principles and limitations of electrolyte design are discussed under the corresponding temperature conditions. Finally, a summary and outlook regarding electrolytes design to extend the temperature adaptability of LIBs are proposed.
随着对广泛应用的需求不断增长，锂离子电池（LIBs）越来越需要在偏离室温（RT）的条件下工作。然而，商用电解质在高温（HT）下表现出低热稳定性，在低温（LT）下表现出较差的动态性能，这阻碍了LIBs在极端条件下的运行。限制LIBs实际应用的瓶颈促使研究人员更加关注开发一系列创新电解质。本综述主要从温度适应性角度涵盖LIBs电解质的设计。首先，阐述了与温度相关的电解质基本原理，包括给体数（DN）、介电常数、粘度、电导率、离子传输和理论计算。其次，给出了典型示例，如液体和固体电解质中的锂盐、溶剂结构、添加剂和界面层，以解释这些因素如何影响LIBs在高温或低温下的电化学行为。同时，在相应温度条件下讨论了电解质设计的原理和局限性。最后，提出了关于扩展LIBs温度适应性的电解质设计的总结与展望。
