A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
Biosensors (Basel). 2024 Feb 9;14(2):93. doi: 10.3390/bios14020093.
Neurodegenerative diseases and Alzheimer's disease (AD), as one of the most common causes of dementia, result in progressive losses of cholinergic neurons and a reduction in the presynaptic markers of the cholinergic system. These consequences can be compensated by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) followed by a decrease in the rate of acetylcholine hydrolysis. For this reason, anticholinesterase drugs with reversible inhibition effects are applied for the administration of neurodegenerative diseases. Their overdosage, variation in efficiency and recommendation of an individual daily dose require simple and reliable measurement devices capable of the assessment of the drug concentration in biological fluids and medications. In this review, the performance of electrochemical biosensors utilizing immobilized cholinesterases is considered to show their advantages and drawbacks in the determination of anticholinesterase drugs. In addition, common drugs applied in treating neurodegenerative diseases are briefly characterized. The immobilization of enzymes, nature of the signal recorded and its dependence on the transducer modification are considered and the analytical characteristics of appropriate biosensors are summarized for donepezil, huperzine A, rivastigmine, eserine and galantamine as common anti-dementia drugs. Finally, the prospects for the application of AChE-based biosensors in clinical practice are discussed.
神经退行性疾病和阿尔茨海默病（AD）是痴呆症最常见的原因之一，导致胆碱能神经元进行性丧失和胆碱能系统的突触前标志物减少。这些后果可以通过抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）来补偿，随后乙酰胆碱的水解速率降低。出于这个原因，具有可逆抑制作用的抗胆碱酯酶药物被应用于神经退行性疾病的治疗。它们的过量、效率变化和建议的个体日剂量需要简单可靠的测量设备，能够评估生物液体和药物中的药物浓度。在这篇综述中，考虑了利用固定化胆碱酯酶的电化学生物传感器的性能，以展示它们在测定抗胆碱酯酶药物方面的优缺点。此外，还简要描述了用于治疗神经退行性疾病的常见药物。考虑了酶的固定化、记录的信号的性质及其对换能器修饰的依赖性，并总结了适用于多奈哌齐、石杉碱甲、加兰他敏、依色林和加兰他敏等常见抗痴呆药物的基于 AChE 的生物传感器的分析特性。最后，讨论了基于 AChE 的生物传感器在临床实践中的应用前景。
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