Matúš Ivan, Vadašová Bibiana, Eliaš Tomáš, Rydzik Łukasz, Ambroży Tadeusz, Czarny Wojciech
Department of Sports Kinanthropology, Faculty of Sports, Universtiy of Presov, 08001 Prešov, Slovakia.
Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Kraków, Poland.
Sports (Basel). 2024 Jan 29;12(2):42. doi: 10.3390/sports12020042.
The basic position on the starting block can influence the performance at the start, as it is the initial phase on which the other phases depend, as well as the swimming performance in sprint events in all swimming styles. The aim of our study is to analyze the effect of the foot in the base position on the block start on performance in the 5 m distance start.
Fifteen performance swimmers aged 17 ± 2 years were tested in their preferred wide and narrow starting positions, performing a total of six starts during which angular, temporal, and length changes were monitored in block, flight, and underwater phases. Fisher individual tests for differences of means were used to determine differences in kinematic parameters of the kick start to the 5 m distance. Differences in the position of the feet in kinematic parameters of the kick start to the 5 m distance were determined using the two-sample -test with equal variance and effect size by Cohen's d.
Swimmers were found to have significant differences ( < 0.05) between foot widths in block time (0.02 s), time to 2 m (0.05 s), flight and glide time and distance, maximal depth, and time to 5 m (0.08) in favor of the narrow baseline position.
We recommend marking the center of the start block on the OSB or OSB platform for the competitors, as well as the center of the backrest, for better orientation and assuming the correct basic foot position on the start block.
出发台上的起始姿势会影响出发时的表现，因为它是其他阶段所依赖的初始阶段，同时也会影响所有泳姿短距离项目的游泳成绩。本研究的目的是分析出发台上脚处于基本位置时对5米出发成绩的影响。
15名年龄在17±2岁的优秀游泳运动员在其偏好的宽距和窄距起始位置进行测试，共进行6次出发，在此期间监测蹬离、空中和水下阶段的角度、时间和长度变化。采用Fisher个体均值差异检验来确定5米蹬离式出发运动学参数的差异。使用等方差双样本t检验和Cohen's d效应量来确定5米蹬离式出发运动学参数中脚位置的差异。
发现游泳运动员在出发时间（0.02秒）、游至2米的时间（0.05秒）、空中和滑行时间及距离、最大深度以及游至5米的时间（0.08秒）方面，脚宽之间存在显著差异（<0.05），窄基线位置更具优势。
我们建议在出发台或出发台平台上为运动员标记出发台中心以及靠背中心，以便更好地定位并在出发台上采用正确的基本脚位。
