Hachero-Cruzado Ismael, Betancor Mónica B, Coronel-Dominguez Antonio Jesús, Manchado Manuel, Alarcón-López Francisco Javier
Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológi-ca (IFAPA), Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa Ma-ría, Cádiz, Spain.
"Crecimiento Azul", Centro IFAPA el Toruño, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 141500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
Animals (Basel). 2024 Feb 11;14(4):595. doi: 10.3390/ani14040595.
(TM) is considered as one of the most promising protein sources for replacing fish meal in aquafeeds, among other things because it is rich in protein, a good source of micronutrients and has a low carbon footprint and land use. However, the main drawback of TM is its fatty acid profile, in particular its low content of n-3 PUFA. This study evaluates the effects of partially replacing plant or marine-derived with full-fat TM meal at two different levels on growth performance and lipid profiles of Senegalese sole (). For this purpose, a control diet (CTRL) and four experimental isoproteic (53%) and isolipidic (16%) diets were formulated containing 5 and 10% TM meal replacing mostly fish meal (FM5 and FM10), or 10 and 15% TM meal replacing mostly plant meal (PP10 and PP15). Fish (215 g) were fed at 1% of their body weight for 98 days. The final body weight of fish fed the experimental diets containing TM meal was not different from that of fish fed the CTRL diet (289 g). However, the inclusion of TM meal resulted in a gradual improvement in growth rate and feed efficiency in both cases (replacement of fish or plant meals), and significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) were observed between fish fed the CTRL diet (SGR = 0.30% day) and those fed diets with the highest TM meal content (PP15; SGR = 0.35% day). The experimental groups did not show any differences in the protein content of the muscle (19.6% /). However, significant differences were observed in the total lipid content of the muscle, with the FM10, PP10, and PP15 groups having the lowest muscle lipid contents (2.2% ww). These fish also showed the lowest neutral lipid content in muscle (6.6% dw), but no differences were observed in the total phospholipid content (2.6% dw). Regarding the fatty acid profile, fish fed FM10, PP10 and PP15 had lower levels of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and higher levels of oleic acid (18:1n-9) in liver and muscle compared to fish fed CTRL. However, no differences were found between fish fed CTRL and TM-based diets for docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and total n-3 PUFA in liver and muscle. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that full-fat TM inclusion up to 15% in diets had no negative effects or even some positive effects on fish survival, growth performance, nutrient utilization and flesh quality.
豆粕（TM）被认为是水产饲料中最有前途的鱼粉替代蛋白源之一，原因之一是它富含蛋白质，是微量营养素的良好来源，并且碳足迹和土地利用较低。然而，TM的主要缺点是其脂肪酸组成，特别是n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）含量低。本研究评估了在两种不同水平下用全脂TM粉部分替代植物源或海洋源成分对塞内加尔鳎生长性能和脂质谱的影响。为此，配制了一种对照饲料（CTRL）和四种等蛋白（53%）、等脂（16%）的实验饲料，分别含有5%和10%的TM粉，主要替代鱼粉（FM5和FM10），或10%和15%的TM粉，主要替代植物粉（PP10和PP15）。以鱼体重的1%投喂体重为215克的鱼，持续98天。投喂含TM粉实验饲料的鱼的终末体重与投喂CTRL饲料的鱼（289克）没有差异。然而，在两种情况下（替代鱼粉或植物粉），添加TM粉均导致生长率和饲料效率逐渐提高，并且在投喂CTRL饲料的鱼（特定生长率SGR = 0.30%/天）与投喂TM粉含量最高的饲料（PP15；SGR = 0.35%/天）的鱼之间观察到特定生长率存在显著差异。实验组肌肉中的蛋白质含量没有差异（19.6%/）。然而，在肌肉总脂质含量上观察到显著差异，FM10、PP10和PP15组的肌肉脂质含量最低（2.2%湿重）。这些鱼肌肉中的中性脂质含量也最低（6.6%干重），但总磷脂含量没有差异（2.6%干重）。关于脂肪酸组成，与投喂CTRL饲料的鱼相比，投喂FM10、PP10和PP15的鱼肝脏和肌肉中的亚油酸（18:2n-6）水平较低，油酸（18:1n-9）水平较高。然而，在肝脏和肌肉中，投喂CTRL饲料的鱼与以TM为基础的饲料喂养的鱼在二十二碳六烯酸（22:6n-3）和总n-3 PUFA方面没有差异。总之，我们的研究表明，在饲料中添加高达15%的全脂TM对鱼的存活、生长性能、营养利用和鱼肉品质没有负面影响，甚至有一些积极影响。
