Ibrahim Abdul Halim, Harun Muhammad Safwan
Programme of Applied Science with Islamic Studies, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Department Fiqh and Usul, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
J Bioeth Inq. 2024 Sep;21(3):401-414. doi: 10.1007/s11673-024-10345-z. Epub 2024 Feb 26.
Rapid developments in science and technology have resulted in novel discoveries, leading to new questions particularly related to human values and ethics. Every discovery and technology has positive and negative implications and affects human lives either directly or indirectly, involving all walks of life. Bioethical discourse in Malaysia must consider the multiracial and multireligious background of Malaysia and especially the Islamic view as the majority of Malaysians are Muslims and Islam is the religion of the federation. This article discusses several selected bioethical issues in Malaysia by studying the application of maṣlaḥah (the public good) and mafsadah (evil and harms) in Malaysian Islamic rulings (fatwas). This article uses the critical interpretation approach, as this is an ethical, interpretive, textual, and contextual analysis. In a situation when there is a conflict between maṣlaḥah and avoidance of mafsadah, it is preferred to attempt to address both needs. However, if maṣlaḥah and avoidance of mafsadah are mutually exclusive, the decision to choose must be made by weighing (tarjīḥ) and choosing the one which is superior. The maṣlaḥah and mafsadah concepts play vital and significant roles in bioethical discourse to realize human essential interests, namely faith, life, lineage, intellect, and property, thus achieving maqāṣid al-sharī'ah (the ultimate goal of sharia). This concept helps in guiding bioethical discussions, especially in determining the priority between achieving benefits and avoiding harms. The application of this concept will also assist Malaysian authorities in formulating appropriate rulings, especially bioethical issues related to Malaysian Muslims' lives.
科学技术的飞速发展带来了新的发现，引发了一些新问题，特别是与人类价值观和伦理相关的问题。每一项发现和技术都有其积极和消极的影响，直接或间接地影响着人类生活，涉及各行各业。马来西亚的生物伦理讨论必须考虑到马来西亚的多种族和多宗教背景，尤其是伊斯兰教的观点，因为大多数马来西亚人是穆斯林，伊斯兰教是联邦的宗教。本文通过研究公益（maṣlaḥah）和恶害（mafsadah）在马来西亚伊斯兰教法裁决（法特瓦）中的应用，探讨了马来西亚几个选定的生物伦理问题。本文采用批判性解释方法，因为这是一种伦理、解释、文本和语境分析。在公益与避免恶害之间存在冲突的情况下，最好尝试兼顾两者的需求。然而，如果公益与避免恶害相互排斥，则必须通过权衡（tarjīḥ）并选择更优的一方来做出选择。公益和恶害的概念在生物伦理讨论中发挥着至关重要的作用，以实现人类的基本利益，即信仰、生命、血统、理智和财产，从而实现伊斯兰教法的最终目标（maqāṣid al-sharī'ah）。这一概念有助于指导生物伦理讨论，特别是在确定实现利益与避免危害之间的优先顺序时。这一概念的应用还将协助马来西亚当局制定适当的裁决，特别是与马来西亚穆斯林生活相关的生物伦理问题。
