National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Proteomics Group (NPF), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1443:211-220. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-50624-6_11.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, resulting from either body's inability to produce or effectively utilize insulin. There are several types of DM, but the most common are type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). DM is a complex disease and a global health concern, and the current clinical markers, such as fasting glucose, are helpful in the diagnosis of DM, but are not specific and sensitive, especially when measured on the beginning of the pathogenesis. Therefore, there is a pressing need to discover new early biomarkers that can provide an early diagnosis. Omics is an important field for the discovery of potential new biomarkers, especially proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, where techniques such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance are utilized to identify novel DM biomarkers and their pathways. In this review, we report papers that applied omics in the context of DM to identify new markers and their relationship with this disease, with the aim of elucidating new diagnostic techniques for the main types of DM.
糖尿病（DM）是一种慢性代谢性疾病，其特征是血糖水平升高，这是由于身体无法产生或有效利用胰岛素引起的。DM 有几种类型，但最常见的是 1 型糖尿病（T1D）、2 型糖尿病（T2D）和妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）。DM 是一种复杂的疾病，也是全球关注的健康问题，目前的临床标志物，如空腹血糖，有助于 DM 的诊断，但不具有特异性和敏感性，尤其是在发病初期测量时。因此，迫切需要发现新的早期生物标志物，以便进行早期诊断。组学是发现潜在新生物标志物的重要领域，特别是蛋白质组学、代谢组学和脂质组学，其中利用液相色谱、质谱和核磁共振等技术来识别新的 DM 生物标志物及其途径。在这篇综述中，我们报告了应用组学方法来识别新的标志物及其与这种疾病的关系的论文，旨在阐明 DM 主要类型的新诊断技术。
