Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, 11865 Cairo, Egypt.
Department of Medical Parasitology, Armed Forces College of Medicine, 11865 Cairo, Egypt.
Discov Med. 2024 Feb;36(181):217-233. doi: 10.24976/Discov.Med.202436181.21.
The microbiota community is composed of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protists that exert symbiotic effects within the human body. Unlike microbiota, parasites are characteristically reliant on their hosts to thrive and flourish, producing toxic metabolites that agitate microbiota and disturb homeostasis. The proper management of parasitic infections addresses several important challenges related to low socioeconomic status and emergent resistance. Therefore, understanding the microbiota's role in interactions with hosts and parasites is crucial for managing parasite diseases with fewer economic and adverse effects associated with pharmaceutical interventions. The current review was divided into three sections. Section 1 focused on the mutual microbiota-host interaction through the purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). The P2X7R is an abundant intestinal cation channel that is crucial in mucosal immunity, facilitated by SIgA-mediated protection in both innate and adaptive immunity. This study demonstrated that microbiota continually "teach and train" host immunity to attain homeostasis via SIgA production (in T cell-independent and T cell-dependent pathways) and the purinergic receptor P2X7R. In addition, we discussed the potential of manipulating SIgA and P2X7R in immune therapies targeting parasitic infections. Section 2 exhibited parasite-microbiota (microbe-microbe) interactions wherein each can indirectly affect one another through physical and immunogenic alterations and directly via predation, bactericidal protein production, and overlapping of nutrient resources. Thus, microbe-microbe interactions appeared to be multifaceted and species-dependent. Section 3 showed the relationship between microbiota and specific parasites, and the promising role of probiotics. In this section, the review discussed examples of tissue, blood, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory parasitic diseases, while highlighting the associated dysbiosis. Furthermore, Section 3 acknowledged the importance of "strain-dependent" biotherapy to boost beneficial microbiota, modulate immunity, and exert anti-parasitic effects.
微生物群落由细菌、真菌、病毒和原生生物组成，它们在人体内发挥共生作用。与微生物群不同的是，寄生虫的特点是依赖宿主才能生存和繁殖，产生有毒代谢物，扰乱微生物群并破坏体内平衡。适当管理寄生虫感染可以解决与低社会经济地位和新兴耐药性相关的一些重要挑战。因此，了解微生物群在与宿主和寄生虫相互作用中的作用对于管理寄生虫病至关重要，可以减少与药物干预相关的经济和不利影响。本综述分为三个部分。第 1 部分重点介绍了通过嘌呤能 P2X7 受体（P2X7R）和分泌型免疫球蛋白 A（SIgA）的微生物群-宿主相互作用。P2X7R 是一种丰富的肠道阳离子通道，在黏膜免疫中至关重要，通过 SIgA 介导的先天和适应性免疫保护来实现。本研究表明，微生物群通过 SIgA 产生（在 T 细胞非依赖性和 T 细胞依赖性途径）和嘌呤能受体 P2X7R，不断“教导和训练”宿主免疫以实现体内平衡。此外，我们还讨论了操纵 SIgA 和 P2X7R 在针对寄生虫感染的免疫治疗中的潜力。第 2 部分展示了寄生虫-微生物群（微生物-微生物）相互作用，其中每一种都可以通过物理和免疫改变间接影响彼此，并通过捕食、杀菌蛋白产生和重叠的营养资源直接影响彼此。因此，微生物-微生物相互作用似乎是多方面的，并且依赖于物种。第 3 部分展示了微生物群与特定寄生虫之间的关系，以及益生菌的有前途的作用。在这一部分，综述讨论了组织、血液、胃肠道、泌尿生殖道和呼吸道寄生虫病的例子，同时强调了相关的生态失调。此外，第 3 部分还承认了“菌株依赖性”生物疗法的重要性，以促进有益微生物群、调节免疫和发挥抗寄生虫作用。
