Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacotherapeutics, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls. Dubai Medical University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Curr Diabetes Rev. 2024;20(9):e110124225520. doi: 10.2174/0115733998274390231110050809.
Much increasing evidence has suggested that long-term complications post vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 experience a wide range of complication including diabetes. The risk and burden of type 1 diabetes is extensively reported, but type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) has yet to be characterized. To address this gap, we aimed to examine trends of long-term complications post SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in diabetes incidence among the Saudi population.
In this cross-sectional hospital-based study, we analyzed the blood profile of first-time blood donors from the University Hospital of King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Saudi Arabia. Various blood parameters, HbA1c was measured in the month of May 2023. All the donors were non-diabetic and were never diagnosed with T2D before the current blood donation. 203 healthy subjects donated their blood, out of which 104 had abnormally high HbA1c tending towards diagnosis of T2D and 99 had with blood profiles. The study followed the STROBE reporting guidelines.
Out of 203 donors 104 (male 50(48.1%), female 54(51.9%)) were diagnosed with increased HbA1c (8.24 in males) compared to 7.61 of HbA1c in females. 35.6% were above ˃65 years, with 52.9% with O+ from the ABO blood group. Liver functions indicated significant p˂0.05, 0.04, increased amount of GGT (46.47 U/L), Alkaline phosphatase (99.93 ±64.26 uL) respectively in HbA1c elevated donors KFT represented significant p˂0.05, 0.02 elevated levels of urea (6.73 ±5.51 mmol/L), creatinine (129.97 ±195.17 umol/L) respectively along with elevated values of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (263.72± 196.70 uL) and triglycerides (1.66 ±0.74mmol/L) when compared to normal value of HbA1c donors.
In the present cross-sectional study, significant increase in HbA1c, trending towards increased cases of T2D post SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Males are much affected compared to females. Further maximum number of cases were from donors above the age of 65 years with altered partial LFT (GGT, Alkaline phosphatase), KFT (urea, creatinine), lipid profile (TG) and LDH in post SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination blood donors.
Increase in HbA1c in 50% of donors, irrespective of gender, is an alarming figure for health authorities, with altered LFT, KFT and LDH tests and, in the near future, may increase the incidence of T2D. Large-scale population-based studies are required to prevent future incidences of T2D in young children who will be vaccinated.
越来越多的证据表明，接种 SARS-CoV-2 后出现的长期并发症包括糖尿病等多种并发症。1 型糖尿病的风险和负担已得到广泛报道，但 2 型糖尿病（T2D）尚未得到明确。为了解决这一差距，我们旨在研究 SARS-CoV-2 感染和接种疫苗后沙特人群中糖尿病发病率的长期并发症趋势。
在这项基于医院的横断面研究中，我们分析了沙特吉达阿卜杜勒阿齐兹国王大学医院首次献血者的血液特征。沙特阿拉伯。2023 年 5 月测量了各种血液参数和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。所有献血者均无糖尿病，且在当前献血前从未被诊断出患有 T2D。203 名健康受试者捐献了血液，其中 104 名 HbA1c 异常升高，倾向于诊断为 T2D，99 名 HbA1c 正常。该研究遵循 STROBE 报告指南。
在 203 名献血者中，有 104 名（男性 50 名（48.1%），女性 54 名（51.9%））HbA1c 升高（男性为 8.24），而女性的 HbA1c 为 7.61。35.6%的人年龄在 ˃65 岁，ABO 血型中 52.9%为 O+。肝功能指标显著 p˂0.05、0.04，GGT（46.47 U/L）、碱性磷酸酶（99.93±64.26 uL）分别升高在 HbA1c 升高的献血者中，KFT 分别代表显著的 p˂0.05、0.02，尿素（6.73±5.51 mmol/L）、肌酐（129.97±195.17 umol/L）水平升高，与 HbA1c 正常献血者相比，乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）（263.72±196.70 uL）和甘油三酯（1.66±0.74mmol/L）水平升高。
在本横断面研究中，SARS-CoV-2 感染和接种疫苗后，HbA1c 显著升高，有发展为 T2D 的趋势。与女性相比，男性受影响更大。进一步的，最大数量的病例来自年龄在 65 岁以上的献血者，他们的部分肝功能（GGT、碱性磷酸酶）、肾脏功能（尿素、肌酐）、脂质谱（TG）和 LDH 在 SARS-CoV-2 和疫苗接种后发生变化。
无论性别如何，50%的献血者 HbA1c 升高是一个令卫生当局担忧的数字，伴有肝功能、肾脏功能和 LDH 检测异常，在不久的将来，可能会增加 T2D 的发病率。需要进行大规模的基于人群的研究，以防止未来接种疫苗的儿童发生 T2D。
