Enhanced tetracycline degradation with TiO/natural pyrite S-scheme photocatalyst.

In this study, TiO nanoparticles were employed as a photocatalyst for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The TiO nanoparticles were decorated on natural pyrite (TiO/NP) and characterized using XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDX methods. This study evaluated the impacts of various operational parameters such as pH, catalyst dosage, initial TC concentration, and light intensity on TC removal. The findings revealed that under optimal conditions (pH 7, catalyst: 2 g/L, TC: 30 mg/L, and light intensity: 60 mW/cm), 100% of TC and 84% of TOC were removed within 180 min. The kinetics of TC elimination followed a first-order model. The dominant oxidation species involved in the photocatalytic elimination of TC was found to be OH radicals in the TiO/NP system. The reuse experiments showed the high capability of the catalyst after four consecutive cycles. This study confirmed that the TiO/NP system has high performance in photocatalytic TC removal under optimized experimental conditions.