电子废物拆解工人血铅、镉和发汞浓度及其与土壤、灰尘和职业因素的关系。
Blood lead, cadmium and hair mercury concentrations and association with soil, dust and occupational factors in e-waste recycling workers in Bangladesh.
机构信息
Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia; Environmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
Environmental Health and WASH, Health System and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
出版信息
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2024 Apr;257:114340. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114340. Epub 2024 Feb 28.
BACKGROUND
Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling activities release toxic metals, which pose substantial hazard to the environment and human health. We evaluated metal concentrations in biological and environmental samples, and examined the associations between biological lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) with soil and dust metals, and other possible determinants, among populations exposed and non-exposed to e-waste in Bangladesh.
METHODS
A total of 199 e-waste workers and 104 non-exposed individuals were recruited. We measured blood Pb (BPb) and Cd (BCd) concentrations and total Hg (THg) from hair samples. Data were collected on occupational, and behavioral factors. We fitted an elastic net regression (ENET) to model the relationship between a set of influencing factors and metals as outcome variables while controlling for potential covariates.
RESULTS
The median concentrations of BPb (11.89 μg/dL) and BCd (1.04 μg/L) among exposed workers were higher than those of non-exposed workers (BPb: 3.63 μg/dL and BCd: 0.83 μg/L respectively). A 100 ppm increment in soil Pb level was associated with an increase in ln-Pb (transformed) in blood (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.02). Similarly, ln-BCd level increased (β = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.001, 0.07) with every ppm increase in dust Cd level. The number of years worked in e-waste activities was associated with elevated ln-BPb (β = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01, 0.02) and ln-BCd levels (β = 0.003; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.05). Smoking significantly contributed to elevated levels of ln-BCd (β = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.73). An increment of 100 kg of e-waste handling per week led to an increase in ln-BPb levels (β = 0.002; 95% CI = 0.00, 0.01), while respondents knowledge about adverse impact on e-waste reduced the ln-BPb level (β = -0.14; 95% CI = -0.31, -0.03). Fish consumption frequency had a positive association with THg in hair.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data show the need for workplace controls to reduce exposure to Pb and Cd with a broader view of exposure source taken.
背景
电子废物（e-waste）回收活动释放出有毒金属，对环境和人类健康构成重大威胁。我们评估了生物和环境样本中的金属浓度，并研究了暴露和未暴露于电子废物的人群中生物铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）和汞（Hg）与土壤和灰尘金属之间的关系，以及其他可能的决定因素。
方法
共招募了 199 名电子废物工人和 104 名非暴露个体。我们测量了血液中的 Pb（BPb）和 Cd（BCd）浓度以及头发中的总 Hg（THg）。数据收集了职业和行为因素。我们使用弹性网络回归（ENET）来建立一套影响因素与金属之间的关系模型，作为因变量，同时控制潜在的协变量。
结果
暴露工人血液中 BPb（11.89μg/dL）和 BCd（1.04μg/L）的中位数浓度高于非暴露工人（BPb：3.63μg/dL，BCd：0.83μg/L）。土壤中 Pb 水平每增加 100ppm，血液中 ln-Pb（转化）增加（β=0.002；95%CI=0.00，0.02）。同样，灰尘中 Cd 水平每增加 1ppm，ln-BCd 水平增加（β=0.02；95%CI=0.001，0.07）。在电子废物活动中工作的年限与升高的 ln-BPb（β=0.01；95%CI=0.01，0.02）和 ln-BCd 水平（β=0.003；95%CI=0.00，0.05）有关。吸烟显著增加 ln-BCd 水平（β=0.46；95%CI=0.43，0.73）。每周处理 100 公斤电子废物会导致 ln-BPb 水平升高（β=0.002；95%CI=0.00，0.01），而受访者对电子废物的不良影响的了解降低了 ln-BPb 水平（β=-0.14；95%CI=-0.31，-0.03）。鱼类食用频率与头发中的总汞（THg）呈正相关。
结论
我们的数据表明，需要采取更广泛的暴露源视角来控制工作场所暴露于 Pb 和 Cd 的风险。
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