Gomilsek Tamara, Hoffrage Ulrich, Marewski Julian N
Faculty of Business and Economics, Department of Organizational Behavior, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 29;14(1):5014. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53639-3.
How can people's ability to make accurate estimations be boosted? Psychological research on the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd suggests that people's judgments improve when they use a simple consider-the-opposite-strategy, dubbed-inspired by Enlightenment philosopher Hegel-dialectical-bootstrapping: A person generates a first estimate (thesis), then rejects it and generates another one (anti-thesis), and finally integrates both (synthesis). Yet, the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd-phenomenon comes with controversy concerning its measurement, robustness, and moderators. We (1) introduce a novel class of strategies to elicit the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd. These strategies root in physics, where Nobel-laureate Enrico Fermi used back-of-the-envelope guesstimation, for instance, when assessing the explosive yield of the first tested nuclear bomb. Fermian strategies prescribe decomposing an estimation problem into subtasks, solving the subtasks separately, and ultimately integrating those solutions into a final estimate. In an experiment using a new task-environment, we find (2) that a similarity-based Fermian-strategy boosts the wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd even more than consider-the-opposite does, (3) that the provision of a memory aid differentially affects those two strategies' performance, and (4) that data trimming matters. Moreover, and for the first time, we document (5) overprecision in wisdom-of-the-inner-crowd estimations. Finally, we (6) replicate previous results, including that the collective intelligence of two persons still outperforms asking oneself twice.
如何提高人们做出准确估计的能力?关于群体内部智慧的心理学研究表明,当人们使用一种简单的考虑对立面策略时,他们的判断会得到改善,这种策略被称为受启蒙运动哲学家黑格尔启发的辩证引导:一个人先做出第一个估计(正题),然后否定它并做出另一个估计(反题),最后将两者整合(合题)。然而,群体内部智慧现象在其测量、稳健性和调节因素方面存在争议。我们(1)引入了一类新的策略来引出群体内部智慧。这些策略源于物理学,诺贝尔奖获得者恩里科·费米在评估第一颗测试核弹的爆炸当量等情况时就使用了粗略估计。费米策略规定将一个估计问题分解为子任务,分别解决这些子任务,最终将这些解决方案整合为一个最终估计。在一项使用新任务环境的实验中,我们发现(2)一种基于相似性的费米策略比考虑对立面策略更能提高群体内部智慧,(3)提供记忆辅助对这两种策略的表现有不同影响,以及(4)数据修剪很重要。此外,我们首次记录了(5)群体内部智慧估计中的过度精确性。最后,我们(6)复制了之前的结果,包括两人的集体智慧仍然优于自己问自己两次。