Ruiz-Saavedra Sergio, Zapico Aida, González Sonia, Salazar Nuria, de Los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G
Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa 33300, Spain.
Diet, Microbiota and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo 33011, Spain.
Microbiome Res Rep. 2023 Nov 27;3(1):6. doi: 10.20517/mrr.2023.36. eCollection 2024.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of mortality in adults of both sexes worldwide, while breast cancer (BC) is among the leading causes of death in women. In addition to age, gender, and genetic predisposition, environmental and lifestyle factors exert a strong influence. Global diet, including alcohol consumption, is one of the most important modifiable factors affecting the risk of CRC and BC. Western dietary patterns promoting high intakes of xenobiotics from food processing and ethanol have been associated with increased cancer risk, whereas the Mediterranean diet, generally leading to a higher intake of polyphenols and fibre, has been associated with a protective effect. Gut dysbiosis is a common feature in CRC, where the usual microbiota is progressively replaced by opportunistic pathogens and the gut metabolome is altered. The relationship between microbiota and BC has been less studied. The estrobolome is the collection of genes from intestinal bacteria that can metabolize oestrogens. In a dysbiosis condition, microbial deconjugating enzymes can reactivate conjugated-deactivated oestrogens, increasing the risk of BC. In contrast, intestinal microorganisms can increase the biological activity and bioavailability of dietary phytochemicals through diverse microbial metabolic transformations, potentiating their anticancer activity. Members of the intestinal microbiota can increase the toxicity of xenobiotics through metabolic transformations. However, most of the microorganisms involved in diet-microbiota interactions remain poorly characterized. Here, we provide an overview of the associations between microbiota and diet in BC and CRC, considering the diverse types and heterogeneity of these cancers and their relationship between them and with gut microbiota.
结直肠癌（CRC）是全球成年男女主要的死亡原因之一，而乳腺癌（BC）是女性主要的死亡原因之一。除了年龄、性别和遗传易感性外，环境和生活方式因素也有很大影响。全球饮食，包括酒精消费，是影响CRC和BC风险的最重要的可改变因素之一。促进从食品加工和乙醇中大量摄入外源性物质的西方饮食模式与癌症风险增加有关，而通常导致多酚和纤维摄入量较高的地中海饮食则具有保护作用。肠道微生物群失调是CRC的一个常见特征，其中正常微生物群逐渐被机会性病原体取代，肠道代谢组也发生改变。微生物群与BC之间的关系研究较少。雌激素代谢菌是指肠道细菌中能够代谢雌激素的基因集合。在失调状态下，微生物去结合酶可使结合失活的雌激素重新激活，增加BC风险。相反，肠道微生物可通过多种微生物代谢转化增加膳食植物化学物质的生物活性和生物利用度，增强其抗癌活性。肠道微生物群成员可通过代谢转化增加外源性物质的毒性。然而，参与饮食-微生物群相互作用的大多数微生物仍未得到充分表征。在此，我们概述了BC和CRC中微生物群与饮食之间的关联，考虑了这些癌症的不同类型和异质性以及它们之间以及与肠道微生物群的关系。
