Selection and Validation of qRT-PCR Internal Reference Genes to Study Flower Color Formation in .

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is a pivotal technique for gene expression analysis. To ensure reliable and accurate results, the internal reference genes must exhibit stable expression across varied experimental conditions. Currently, no internal reference genes for have been established. This study aimed to identify stable internal reference genes from eight candidates derived from different developmental stages of flowers. We employed geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper to evaluate the expression stability of these candidates, which was followed by a comprehensive stability analysis. The results indicated that , a tubulin gene, exhibited the most stable expression among the eight reference gene candidates in the petals. Subsequently, was utilized as an internal reference for the qRT-PCR analysis of six genes implicated in the petal pigment synthesis pathway of . The qRT-PCR results were corroborated by transcriptome sequencing data, affirming the stability and suitability of as a reference gene. This study marks the first identification of stable internal reference genes within the entire genome of , establishing a foundation for future gene expression and functional studies. Identifying such stable reference genes is crucial for advancing molecular research on .