Shokrollahi Azad, Persson Jan A, Malekian Reza, Sarkheyli-Hägele Arezoo, Karlsson Fredrik
Internet of Things and People Research Center, Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Malmö University, 211 19 Malmö, Sweden.
Sony Network Communications, 223 62 Lund, Sweden.
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Feb 27;24(5):1533. doi: 10.3390/s24051533.
Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, largely due to developments in the internet of things (IoT). This provides both opportunities and challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor these buildings' status effectively. This monitoring is essential for services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of these buildings. Occupancy information (including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection) plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, we primarily focus on the use of passive infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to other sensors. Despite numerous literature reviews in the field of occupancy information, there is currently no literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors. Therefore, this review analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for obtaining occupancy information. It provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, focusing on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (tracking and location). It consolidates findings from articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information. These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The article seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.
建筑物正迅速变得更加数字化，这主要归功于物联网（IoT）的发展。这既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战。建筑物数字化过程中的核心挑战之一是有效监测这些建筑物状态的能力。这种监测对于依赖建筑物不同区域内人员存在和活动信息的服务至关重要。 occupancy信息（包括人数统计、占用检测、位置跟踪和活动检测）在智能建筑管理中起着至关重要的作用。在本文中，我们主要关注使用被动红外（PIR）传感器来收集occupancy信息。与其他传感器相比，PIR传感器由于考虑到隐私问题、成本效益和低处理复杂性，是用于此目的最广泛使用的传感器之一。尽管在occupancy信息领域有大量的文献综述，但目前尚无专门针对从PIR传感器获取的occupancy信息的文献综述。因此，本综述分析了专门探讨PIR传感器在获取occupancy信息方面应用的文章。它提供了2015年至2023年PIR传感器技术的全面文献综述，重点关注在人数统计、活动检测和定位（跟踪和位置）方面的应用。它整合了在这些相互关联领域中探索和增强PIR传感器能力的文章的研究结果。本综述全面研究了室内建筑环境中PIR传感器的各种技术、机器学习算法和配置的应用，不仅强调数据处理方面，还强调它们在产生准确occupancy信息方面的优势、局限性和功效。这些发展对于在能源效率、安全性和用户舒适度等运营方面改进建筑管理系统至关重要。本文旨在通过对这些领域的改进进行分类和分析，对PIR传感器技术在有效监测和理解occupancy信息方面的现状和未来潜在进展进行全面分析。
