Colombian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Cl. 37 #8-40, Bogotá 110311, Colombia; United Nations Development Programme - Colombia, Cl. 84A #10-62, Bogotá 110221, Colombia.
Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, U Slovanky 2525/1a, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
Waste Manag. 2024 Apr 30;179:192-204. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.049. Epub 2024 Mar 13.
Research to prevent releases of brominated flame retardants listed as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention (POP-BFRs) was conducted through an international cooperation project in Colombia. Six waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management facilities implemented: 1) sorting e-waste by product type and color (black, white, and other; henceforth called chromoproducts), 2) sampling test products and their plastic fraction (called sets, separated by polymer type), 3) monitoring mass, bromine and antimony contents by hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and POP-BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and 4) differentiated treatment according to categories that used the Restriction of Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (RoHS) hazardousness threshold of 1000 mg ∑PBDEs/kg. This scheme led to the proposal of a methodology for WEEE management called the "chromoproduct approach". 994,230 products were managed and grouped into 222 chromoproducts, from which 77 were analyzed: 50 below RoHS hazardousness (BRH), 16 above RoHS hazardousness (ARH), and 11 unknown RoHS hazardousness (URH). XRF indicators using bromine and antimony contents could rule out pollution in BRH chromoproducts; however, categorization still required GC-MS. One ARH plastics sample had 3620 mg ∑PBDEs/kg, while no POP-BFRs were found in the BRH plastics sample. The implementation of the chromoproduct approach traced 153.6 tonnes of ARH plastics. BRH plastics composition was estimated and used in a pilot-scale closed-loop economic activity. The chromoproduct approach seems promising for avoiding POP-BFR releases and promoting the upcycling of recyclable e-waste plastics.
开展了一项通过哥伦比亚的一个国际合作项目研究防止《斯德哥尔摩公约》（POP-BFRs）列名的溴化阻燃剂排放的项目。六个废弃电气电子设备（WEEE）管理设施实施了以下措施：1）按产品类型和颜色（黑色、白色和其他颜色，以下简称“彩色产品”）对电子废物进行分类，2）对测试产品及其塑料部分（按聚合物类型分离的“成套产品”）进行抽样，3）用便携式 X 射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）监测质量、溴和锑含量以及多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）等持久性有机污染物（POP-BFRs），并通过气相色谱和质谱联用仪（GC-MS）监测，4）根据使用电气电子设备中限制有害物质指令（RoHS）的 1000mg∑PBDEs/kg 危害性阈值的类别进行区分处理。这种方案提出了一种废弃电气电子设备管理方法，称为“彩色产品方法”。管理了 994,230 件产品，并将其分为 222 种彩色产品，其中 77 种进行了分析：50 种低于 RoHS 危害性（BRH），16 种高于 RoHS 危害性（ARH），11 种 RoHS 危害性未知（URH）。使用溴和锑含量的 XRF 指标可以排除 BRH 彩色产品的污染；但是，分类仍然需要 GC-MS。一个 ARH 塑料样本的∑PBDEs 含量为 3620mg/kg，而 BRH 塑料样本中未发现 POP-BFRs。实施彩色产品方法追踪到 153.6 吨 ARH 塑料。对 BRH 塑料的成分进行了估计，并用于试点规模的闭环经济活动。彩色产品方法似乎有望避免 POP-BFRs 的释放，并促进可回收电子废物塑料的升级利用。
