Attri Pradeep, Mani Devleena, Satyanarayanan M, Reddy D V, Kumar Devender, Sarkar Siddhartha, Kumar Sanjeev, Hegde Prashant
Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India.
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India.
Heliyon. 2024 Mar 5;10(5):e26746. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26746. eCollection 2024 Mar 15.
This study examined the influence of fireworks on atmospheric aerosols over the Southern Indian city of Hyderabad during festival of Diwali using mass closure, stable carbon isotopes and the EPA-PMF model. Identification of chemical species in day and night time aerosol samples for 2019 and 2020 Diwali weeks showed increased concentrations of NH, NO, SO, K, organic carbon (OC), Ba, Pb and Li, which were considered as tracers for fireworks. PM source apportionment was done using inorganic (trace elements, major ions) and carbonaceous (organic and elemental carbon; OC & EC) constituents, along with stable isotopic compositions of TC and EC. K/Na ∼1 and K/OC > 0.5 indicated contribution from fireworks. High NO, NH, Na, Cl and SO suggested the presence of deliquescent salts NaCl, NHNO and (NH)SO TAE/TCE >1 suggested H exclusion, indicating possible presence of HSO and NHHSO in the aerosols. Ba, Pb, Sb, Sr and Fe increased by 305 (87), 12 (11), 12 (3), 3 (2) and 3 (4) times on Diwali nights, compared to pre-Diwali of 2019 (2020), and are considered as metallic tracers of fireworks. δC and δC in aerosols closely resembled that of diesel and C plant burning emissions, with meagre contribution from firecrackers during Diwali period. The δC was relatively depleted than δC and δC. For both years, δC (δC - δC) were positive, suggesting photochemical aging of aerosols during long-range transport, while for pre-Diwali 2019 and post-Diwali 2020, δC were negative with high OC/EC ratio, implying secondary organic aerosols formation. High toluene during Diwali week contributed to fresh SOA formation, which reacted with precursor C, leading to C depletions. Eight-factored EPA-PMF source apportionment indicated highest contribution from residue/waste burning, followed by marine/dust soil and fireworks, while least was contributed from solid fuel/coal combustion.
本研究利用质量平衡、稳定碳同位素和EPA-PMF模型，考察了排灯节期间烟花对印度南部城市海得拉巴大气气溶胶的影响。对2019年和2020年排灯节周白天和夜间气溶胶样本中的化学物种进行鉴定，结果显示NH、NO、SO、K、有机碳（OC）、Ba、Pb和Li的浓度增加，这些被视为烟花的示踪物。利用无机成分（微量元素、主要离子）和碳质成分（有机碳和元素碳；OC和EC）以及TC和EC的稳定同位素组成进行颗粒物源解析。K/Na ∼1且K/OC > 0.5表明有烟花的贡献。高浓度的NO、NH、Na、Cl和SO表明存在潮解盐NaCl、NH₄NO₃和(NH₄)₂SO₄。TAE/TCE >1表明排除了H，这意味着气溶胶中可能存在H₂SO₄和NH₄HSO₄。与2019年（2020年）排灯节前相比，排灯节夜间Ba、Pb、Sb、Sr和Fe分别增加了305（±87）、12（±11）、12（±3）、3（±2）和3（±4）倍，被视为烟花的金属示踪物。气溶胶中的δ¹³C和δ¹⁴C与柴油和C₃植物燃烧排放物的δ¹³C和δ¹⁴C非常相似，排灯节期间鞭炮的贡献微乎其微。δ¹³C相对于δ¹⁴C和δ¹⁵N来说相对贫化。对于这两年来说，δ¹⁵N（δ¹⁵N - δ¹⁴N）为正值，表明气溶胶在长距离传输过程中发生了光化学老化，而对于2019年排灯节前和2020年排灯节后，δ¹³C为负值且OC/EC比值较高，这意味着二次有机气溶胶的形成。排灯节周期间高浓度的甲苯促成了新鲜二次有机气溶胶的形成，其与前驱体C反应，导致C的消耗。八因子EPA-PMF源解析表明，残渣/废物燃烧的贡献最大，其次是海洋/沙尘土壤和烟花，而固体燃料/煤炭燃烧的贡献最小。
